L'uccello [offerte] e le offerte di farina non possono effettuare una sostituzione, poiché [la regola della sostituzione] è stata dichiarata solo per quanto riguarda gli animali. Né il pubblico né i partner [aziendali] possono creare una sostituzione, poiché si dice (Levitico 27:10): "Non deve sostituirla" - un individuo può creare una sostituzione ma né il pubblico né i partner possono creare una sostituzione. Le offerte [donate] al fondo di manutenzione del Tempio non possono creare una sostituzione. Il rabbino Shimon ha detto: la decima [animale] non è stata inclusa nella regola [per gli animali sostituiti]? Perché è uscito [la regola da trattare separatamente]? [Al fine di confrontare [ad esso]: Proprio come la decima è l'offerta di un individuo, [così anche tutte le offerte per soggetto l'offerta di un individuo] - le offerte pubbliche sono escluse. Proprio come la decima è un'offerta per l'altare, [così anche tutte le offerte per soggetto dell'altare] - le offerte [donate] al fondo di manutenzione del Tempio sono escluse.
Bartenura on Mishnah Temurah
שלא נאמר אלא בבהמה – but if he exchanged, he should exchange/substitute an animal/בהמה for an animal/בהמה.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Temurah
Introduction
This mishnah provides some limits to the applicability of the law of substitutes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Temurah
קדשי בדק הבית אין עושין תמורה – for concerning exchange/substitution, it is written (Leviticus 27:9): “(If [the vow concerns] any animal that may be brought) as an offering [to the LORD],” and the Holy Things for the repair of the Temple house are not called an offering/קרבן .
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English Explanation of Mishnah Temurah
Birds and menahot do not make a substitute, since it only says “a beast” (Leviticus 27:10). The laws of substitutes apply only to beasts, cows, goats and sheep. They do not apply to bird offerings or meal offering (menahot).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Temurah
אמר ר' שמעון והלא המעשר בכלל היה – Rabbi Shimon holds that the Holy Things for the repair of the Temple are called קרבן/an offering, therefore, we don’t derive it that it produces a substitute other than from here.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Temurah
A congregation or partners cannot make a substitute, since it says: “He shall not substitute for it” an individual can make a substitute but a congregation or partners cannot make substitute. The laws of substitutes apply only to sacrifices brought by individuals and not to those brought by the congregation or to those brought by partners. This is derived from the singular language used by the Torah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Temurah
But isn’t the tithe part of this category, in the category of all the Holy Things that produce a substitute/exchange?
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English Explanation of Mishnah Temurah
One cannot make a substitute with [objects] dedicated for Temple repairs. Rabbi Shimon said: Now is not tithe included [in the laws of substitutes]? Then why was it specially mentioned? In order to make a comparison with it: tithe is a private offering, it thus excludes congregational offerings. And tithe is a dedication for the altar, it thus excludes offerings dedicated for Temple repairs. If someone has an animal that is dedicated not to be a sacrifice but to be sold for profit for Temple repairs, that animal cannot make a substitute. Rabi Shimon derives this midrashically from the comparison of the two sets of verses that deal with substitutes in Leviticus 27. The first set deals with regular animals and the second set (vs. 32-33) deals with tithes. Why would the Torah mention tithes, asks Rabbi Shimon, if not to teach us some extra information that we could not have learned from the first group of verses? Rabbi Shimon answers that these verses are there to compare animal tithes with other sacrifices that can make a substitute. Just as tithes are brought in order to offer them as sacrifices, and not to go to Temple repairs, so too only animals brought to be offered can make a substitute. Similarly, just as tithes are brought by individuals, so too only sacrifices brought by individuals can make substitutes, and not those brought by the congregation.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Temurah
ולמה יצא – as it is written regarding it that it makes a substitution, as it is written regarding a tithe (Leviticus 27:33): “He must not look out for good as against bad, or make substitution for it.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Temurah
מה מעשר קרבן יחיד – and one performs an exchange [with an individual sacrifice], even every sacrifice/offering of an individual one can make a substitution.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Temurah
יצאו קרבנות צבור – and those of partners, but the tithe is not have partnership, as we learned in the last chapter of [Tractate] Bekhorot [56b] (it is listed incorrectly in the commentary of Bartenura itself) (Numbers 18:15): “[The first issue of the womb of every being, man or beast, that is offered to the LORD] shall be yours/יהיה לך “ – but not in partnership.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Temurah
יצאו קרבנות בדק הבית – and even though they are called an offering/קרבן – as it is written (Numbers 31:50): “So we have brought as an offering to the LORD such articles of gold as each of us came upon,” it is not the offering of the altar like the tithe. But the Sages stated above that the Holy Things for the Repair of the Temple house are not called an offering/קרבן, as they hold, assuming that it they are called the “offering of the LORD/קרבן ה' “(see Numbers 31:50), it is not called a sacrifice to God/קרבן לה' like the rest of the sacrifices of the Altar.
