Commento su Parah 1:3
כְּבָשִׂים, בְּנֵי שָׁנָה. וְאֵילִים, בְּנֵי שְׁתַּיִם. וְכֻלָּם מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם. בֶּן שְׁלשָׁה עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ אֵינוֹ כָשֵׁר לֹא לְאַיִל וְלֹא לְכֶבֶשׂ. רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן קוֹרֵהוּ פַּלְגָּס. בֶּן עַזַּאי קוֹרֵהוּ נוֹקֵד. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל קוֹרֵהוּ פַּרְכָדִיגְמָא. הִקְרִיבוֹ, מֵבִיא עָלָיו נִסְכֵּי אַיִל, וְלֹא עָלָה לוֹ מִזִּבְחוֹ. בֶּן שְׁלשָׁה עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ וְיוֹם אֶחָד, הֲרֵי זֶה אָיִל:
Le pecore [come indicato nella Torah] hanno un anno. E Rams [si riferisce a quelli che] hanno due anni. E tutti [sono contati] di giorno in giorno [cioè i loro anni sono contati dal giorno della loro nascita]. A tredici mesi, un ariete o una pecora sono validi [come sacrificio]. R 'Tarfon lo ha definito un "pleg'es". Ben Azzai lo ha definito un "nokad". R 'Yishmael lo ha definito un "parchadigma". Se è stato offerto, portano con sé libagioni di vino di un montone e non conta per l'alter [cioè per adempiere ad eventuali obblighi]. A tredici mesi e un giorno è considerato un montone.
Bartenura on Mishnah Parah
מיום ליום – if it was born on the first of Elul, it didn’t complete a full year until the first of Elul of the second year. For we follow after the its year, but not after the years of the counting of the world. But if the year were intercalated, it was intercalated for it. And similarly, with rams that are two years old.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Parah
Lambs no more than one year old, And rams no more than two years old. When the Torah mandates bringing a lamb-offering, it must be within its first year. This is explicit in the Torah, see for instance Numbers 7:17. Rams adult sheep must be at least within their second year.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Parah
אינו כשר לא לאיל – for it is not considered a ram until it enters thirty days from the second year for it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Parah
And all these years are reckoned from day to day. When counting the age of any of the animals listed in the first three mishnayot of this tractate, we count from the day the animal was born. We don't count from the beginning of the year, as we do for other matters. So a lamb born in the beginning of Elul is not considered to be one year old until the following Elul.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Parah
פלגס (a sheep beyond the age of a כבש and below that of an איל ; a youth in the intermediate stage between boyhood and maturity) – It is the language of פלג/part, middle, meaning to say average between this and that, it has exited from the category of כבש but has not entered the category of איל (i.e., a כבש is a sheep at least one year of age; the איל is at least two years old).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Parah
One that is thirteen months old is not valid, neither as a ram nor as a lamb. Rabbi Tarfon called it palges. Ben Azzai called it noked. Rabbi Ishmael called it parakhrigma. A 13 month old sheep cannot be considered a lamb or a ram. It is too old to be a lamb and a sheep is not a ram until it is 30 days past its first birthday. The 30 days is likely to be a vestige of the notion that the life of anything born is considered precarious until it has reached thirty days old. It's almost as if we count the animal's days only from one month and on (although this is only in cases in which the rule is stringent when it comes to the limit of a lamb, it is one year, and not 13 months). The sages all have a special name for this 13 month old sheep. Palges is a Greek word which refers to something that is no longer a child but has not reached maturity (kind of like a teenager). Noked is a type of inferior sheep. And parakhrigma is a Greek word used to refer to a coin with a king's image that has been invalidated by the new king. The 13 month old has been disqualified from being a "lamb" but has not yet been validated as a "ram."
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Bartenura on Mishnah Parah
נוקד (shepherd) – it is the language of (Amos 1:1): "[דברי עמוס] אשר-היה בנקדים מתקוע"/[The words of Amos] a sheep breeder from Tekoa,” whose explanation is the owners of sheet. (Also, possibly the word נוקד (NUKAD) – a stamped, distinct coin).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Parah
If a man offered it he must bring for it the libation of a ram, but it is not counted as his offering. If a person sacrifices a 13 month old sheep he must bring the libations that are brought for a ram. This means 2 tenths of an ephah of flour, a third of a hin of oil and a third of a hin of wine (see Numbers 15:6-7). However, offering this animal doesn't count as fulfilling his obligation. So if he vowed to bring a ram or a lamb, the thirteen month old doesn't count and he still has to bring another one.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Parah
פרכדיגמא (false coin, counterfeit) -to a coin that is invalid that they call it PARCHADIGMA in the Greek language. Even this is invalid from the designation/definition of an איל or of a כבש.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Parah
One that is thirteen months old behold it is a ram. Once it reaches 13 months and one day it is a ram.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Parah
מביא עליו נכסי אלי – one-third of a Hin. And we derive it from the fact that it is written (Numbers 7:6-7): “the case of a ram, [you shall present as a grain offering: two-thirds of a measure of choice flour with a third of a Hin of oil mixed in] and a third of a Hin of wine as a libation – [as an offering of pleasing odor to the LORD],” to include the פלגס/sheep beyond the age of a כבש and below that of an איל.
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