Commento su Ohalot 3:5
אֵיזֶהוּ דַם תְּבוּסָה. הַמֵּת שֶׁיָּצָא מִמֶּנּוּ שְׁמִינִית בְּחַיָּיו וּשְׁמִינִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, רְבִיעִית בְּחַיָּיו וּרְבִיעִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, נִטַּל מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה רְבִיעִית. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, זֶה וָזֶה כַמָּיִם. אֵיזֶהוּ דַם תְּבוּסָה. צָלוּב שֶׁדָּמוֹ שׁוֹתֵת וְנִמְצָא תַחְתָּיו רְבִיעִית דָּם, טָמֵא. אֲבָל הַמֵּת שֶׁדָּמוֹ מְנַטֵּף וְנִמְצָא תַחְתָּיו רְבִיעִית דָּם, טָהוֹר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, לֹא כִי, אֶלָּא הַשּׁוֹתֵת, טָהוֹר. וְהַמְנַטֵּף, טָמֵא:
Cos'è il sangue misto? Il sangue di un cadavere di cui è emerso uno Sheminit [unità specifica di volume] durante la sua vita e uno Sheminit dopo la sua morte, le parole del rabbino Akiva. Il rabbino Yishmael dice: un Revi'it durante la sua vita e un Revi'it dopo la sua morte, ha preso un Revi'it da questo e da quello. Rabbi Elazar bar Judah dice: sia questo che quello sono come acqua. Cos'è allora il sangue misto? Una persona crocifissa il cui sangue fuoriesce e sotto di lui si trova una Revi'it di sangue—è impuro. Ma un cadavere il cui sangue fuoriesce e sotto di lui si trova un Revi'it di sangue, [il sangue] è puro. Il rabbino Giuda dice: Non è così, ma ciò che fuoriesce è puro e ciò che fuoriesce è impuro.
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
איזהו דם תבוסה - it is referring to our Mishnah above in Chapter 2 [Mishnah 2], which teaches that a quarter [of a LOG] of blood that flows from a person at the time of his death of afterwards is ritually impure, and it explains here what is “mixed blood”/דם תבוסה/blood that flows at the time of death or after
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
Introduction
Mishnah 2:2 stated that a quarter of a log of "mixed blood" defiles in an ohel. Our mishnah discusses what "mixed blood" is. To understand this mishnah we must remember that only the blood of a corpse defiles. Blood that comes out from a person during his lifetime does not defile.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
שמינית בחייו ושמינית במותו – they combine to [form] a quarter [of a LOG of blood].
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
What is ‘mixed blood? The blood of a corpse of which an eighth [of a log] came out during his lifetime and an eighth after death, the words of Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Ishmael says: a quarter [of a log] during his lifetime and a quarter after death. Both Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Ishmael agree that "mixed blood" is an amount of blood, part of which came from a living person and part of which came from a corpse. Rabbi Akiva rules strictly even if only half of the requisite quarter log came from a corpse, 1/8 of a log, and then was mixed with another 1/8 of a log of pure blood from a living body, the mixture defiles. Rabbi Ishmael says that "mixed blood" is a case where there originally was a quarter of a log of blood from a corpse and the same amount from a living body. Then from this amount, which clearly does defile, one takes a quarter of a log. Since there was originally the requisite amount of impure blood, the quarter of a log removed still defiles. However, if originally there was only 1/8 of a log of impure blood mixed with the same amount of pure blood it would not defile.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
רביעית בחייו ובריבית במותו – that they combined and he took from the mixture a quarter [of a LOG] of blood, this is “mixed blood.” But not one-eighth [of a LOG] during his life and one-eighth [of a LOG] after his death.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Oholot
[If] a quarter [of a log] is taken from both of these: Rabbi Elazar bar Judah says: both of these are as water. What then is ‘mixed blood’? It is that of a crucified person whose blood is streaming forth and under whom is found a quarter [of a log] of blood it is unclean. However a corpse whose blood drips forth and under whom is found a quarter [of a log] of blood, [the blood] is clean. Rabbi Judah says: not so, but that which streams forth is clean and that which drips forth is unclean. Rabbi Elazar bar Judah is even more lenient. He responds to Rabbi Ishmael by saying that a quarter of a log of blood that is taken out of a mixture of a quarter log of impure blood and a quarter log of pure blood has the purity status of water. This is an emphatic way of saying it is pure. Still, Rabbi Elazar must define "mixed blood." He defines it as blood that is streaming forth from a living person. This is the blood that has the "life force" in it, for its loss causes the person to die. However, if the blood drips from him it is clean. Even though its loss eventually causes him to die, the earlier drops don't join together with the later drops (which do cause him to die) to create the requisite quarter of a log. Rabbi Judah says that the blood that streams forth is pure because the life force does not come out with this blood (this is the Rambam's explanation). But when the last drop of blood comes out of him, his life will definitely have come out and therefore this blood defiles. [I should note that there are some difficulties in interpreting this mishnah and even in determining who says what, and the relationship of each section to each other.]
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
כמים – and they do not defile.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
ואיזהו דם תבוסה – that is impure.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
צלוב שדמו שותת (a crucified person whose blood flows gently/gushes forth) – and falls without any interruption, because the drop of death is mixed in it. But dripping, that if falls drop by drop, little by little is nullified and it is pure.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
רבי יהודה אומר לא כי – meaning to say, the matter is not like this.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
אלא השותת טהור – that I state that drop which the soul is dependent upon stood on the wood that it is suspended from, but there isn’t in this drop the last drop of death.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot
והמנטף טמא – we don’t say that little by little is nullified, for Rabbi Yehuda holds that blood does not nullify blood. But the Halakha is according to Rabbi Akiba.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy