Se uno promette sposa di una donna con arlah, k'lai hakerem, un bue lapidato, eglah arufah (la giovenca del collo spezzato), gli uccelli di un lebbroso, i capelli di un nazirita, il primogenito di un asino, carne in latte e chullin (un animale non consacrato) macellati nell'azarah (la corte del tempio) —non è promessa sposa. [Perché è vietato trarre beneficio da tutti questi: arlah (Levitico 19:23): "Non deve essere mangiato"—Sia il mangiare che la derivazione del beneficio sono impliciti come proibiti. k'lai hakerem (Deuteronomio 22: 9): "per non essere respinto" (pen tikdash)—"pen tukad esh" ("per non essere consegnato alle fiamme"). un bue lapidato (Esodo 21:28): "e la sua carne non deve essere mangiata"). eglah arufah, "espiazione" dichiarata a tale proposito, come è dichiarato delle offerte consacrate (da cui non si può trarre beneficio), vale a dire. (Deuteronomio 21: 8): "E sia concesso loro l'espiazione per il sangue". l'uccello di un lebbroso— Come è stato insegnato: "machshir" ("predispone") e "mechaper" ("espone") sono stati dichiarati rispetto a (ciò che viene fatto) all'interno di (il santuario) — l'offerta di colpa del lebbroso, che lo predispone per il cibo delle offerte, e la sua offerta per il peccato, che espia, essendo entrambe processate all'interno — e "machshir" e "machaper" sono stati dichiarati rispetto a (cosa viene fatto) all'esterno: "machshir" — gli uccelli del lebbroso, che lo predispongono per l'ingresso al campo ";" mechaper " —l'eglah arufah, rispetto al quale è scritto: "E sia concesso loro l'espiazione per il sangue". Ed entrambi vengono elaborati al di fuori della corte del Tempio. Proprio come con "machshir" e "machaper" dichiarati all'interno— l'offerta di colpa e l'offerta di peccato del lebbroso — il machshir è equivalente al mechaper, entrambi essendo offerte consacrate, da cui è vietata la derivazione del beneficio, quindi con "machshir" e "mechaper" dichiarati all'esterno — gli uccelli del lebbroso e l'eglah arufah —il machshir è reso equivalente al mechaper, la derivazione del beneficio è vietata. E da quando è permesso trarre beneficio dall'uccello del lebbroso? Dal momento della macellazione. Ed è solo l'uccello macellato da cui è vietata la derivazione del beneficio. (È vietato trarre beneficio da) i capelli di un nazirita (Numeri 6: 5): "Sarà santo; lascerà crescere le ciocche dei capelli della sua testa"—la crescita dei capelli della sua testa sarà santa. il primo nato da un asino (Numeri 13:13): "allora ti spezzerai il collo"; ed è dichiarato rispetto all'eglah arufah (Deuteronomio 21: 4): "E si spezzeranno il collo". Così come è vietato trarre beneficio da un eglah arufah, così è vietato trarre beneficio dal primogenito di un asino. carne nel latte: è scritta tre volte: "Non cucinare un bambino nel latte materno"—una volta, per interdire il mangiare; una volta, per interdire la derivazione del beneficio; e una volta per interdire la cucina. Chullin macellato nell'Azarah (Deuteronomio 12:21): "Quando c'è un posto lontano da te ... devi massacrare"—A distanza dal luogo (cioè il Tempio), massacri; ma non macellare in prossimità del luogo. Potrei pensare che potrebbe non mangiarlo, ma che potrebbe lanciarlo ai cani (cioè trarne beneficio); è quindi scritto (Esodo 22:30): "Al cane lo lancerai"—"it" (treifah) lancerai al cane; ma non puoi lanciare al cane chullin che è stato macellato nell'azarah.] Se li ha venduti e l'ha promessa sposa con i loro soldi, lei è promessa sposa. [Perché non c'è nulla (interdetto) che renda i suoi soldi come se stessi tranne l'idolatria e la shevi'ith. idolatria (Deuteronomio 7:26): "per non essere rifiutato così"—tutto ciò che ne fai diventare (cioè, tutto ciò che prendi in cambio di esso) è "così com'è". shevi'ith (Levitico 25:12): "Santo sia"— si attacca ai suoi soldi come hekdesh (oggetti consacrati) — così che l'idolatria e la shevi'ith sono "due versi che arrivano come uno" (cioè, per lo stesso insegnamento) e "Non impariamo (il principio generale) da due versi che arrivano come uno".]
Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
המקדש בערלה וכו' אינה מקודשת – since all of them are forbidden to derive benefit [from them]. The fruit of trees from the first three years, as it is written (Leviticus 19:23): “[Three years it shall be forbidden to you,] not to be eaten,” both the prohibition of eating and the prohibition of deriving benefit by implication.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
Introduction
This mishnah lists things from which it is prohibited to derive benefit. Therefore, a man who tries to betroth a woman with one of these items has not betrothed her. In my explanation I will explain what each of these items is.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ובכלאי הכרם – as it is written (Deuteronomy 22:9): “[You shall not sow your vineyard with a second kind of seed,] else the crop [from the seed you have sown – and the yield of the vineyard may not be used],” lest it be burned by fire.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
“Orlah”: Fruit from a tree during its first three years (Leviticus 19:27). “Kilayim of the vineyard”: Wheat which has been planted in a vineyard (Deuteronomy 22:19). “An ox which is to be stoned”: An ox that has killed a person must be stoned to death (Exodus 21:28). “The heifer whose neck is to be broken”: This refers to the ceremony performed when a body is found and its murderer is unknown (Deuteronomy 21:4). “A leper’s bird-offerings”: At the end of his leprosy (tzaraat) the leper brings two birds as sacrifices (Leviticus 14:4). “A nazirite’s hair”: The nazirite cuts his hair at the end of his naziriteship and burns it (Numbers 6:18). “The first-born of a donkey”: The first-born of a donkey must be redeemed by donating a sheep. Until that point it is prohibited to derive benefit from it (Exodus 13:13). “Meat [boiled] in milk”: Exodus 23:19 and parallels. “Non-sacred meat slaughtered in the Temple court”: It is forbidden to slaughter non-sacrificial meat in the Temple court.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ובשור הנסקל – as it is written concerning it (Exodus 21:26): “[When an ox gores a man or a woman to death, that ox shall be stoned] and its flesh shall not be eaten….”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kiddushin
If he sells them and betroths [her] with the proceeds, she is betrothed. It is forbidden to derive benefit from all of the above items. They also may not be sold. However, if he does sell them, the money does not retain the prohibited status of the original item. Therefore, the money is effective for betrothal. Note that the mishnah does not state that it is permitted to use the money for betrothal. The act may be prohibited but nevertheless effective.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ובעגלה ערופה – as it is written about it “absolve” like with things dedicated to the Temple (Kiddushin 57a) as it states (Deuteronomy 21:8): “Absolve [O LORD, Your people Israel whom You redeemed, and do not let guilt for the blood of the innocent remain among Your people Israel] and they will be absolved of bloodguilt.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
בציפורי מצורע – As is taught in a Baraita (Kiddushin 57a – the School of Rabbi Yishmael): It is stated: an offering which makes it fit [for admission to the Temple or eating sacred food] and an offering which procures atonement are mentioned within [the Temple]; the guilt offering of the leper which qualifies him to eat sacred food, and his sin offering which atones, both of them are offered inside [the Temple]. And it is stated: an offering which makes him fit and atones outside, also qualifies him; the birds of the leper that qualify him to come into the camp [of Israel], and which atone; the heifer whose neck is broken – where it says concerning it “and they will be absolved of bloodguilt” (Deuteronomy 21:8), and both of them are performed outside of the Temple court. Just as it qualifies him and atones for him which is mentioned – inside the Temple, which are the guilt offering and sin-offering of the leper, that which qualifies him is like that which atones, for both of them are sacred things and it is prohibited to derive any benefit from them, so also that which qualifies him and atones for him outside, which are the birds of the leper and the heifer whose neck is broken, qualifies for him as it atones for him are also prohibited to derive benefit [from them]. And from when are the birds of the leper prohibited to derive benefit? From the time of their slaughter, and the slaughtered bird alone is prohibited to benefit from it; but the heifer whose neck is to be broken – its being brought down to an ever-flowing wadi, prohibit it [to derive benefit from it].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ובשער הנזיר – As Scripture states (Numbers 6:5): “[Throughout the term of his vow as nazirite, no razor shall touch his head;] it shall remain consecrated [until the completion of his term as nazirite of the LORD,] the hair of his head being left to grow untrimmed.” The growth of the untrimmed hair of his head makes it holy.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ופטר חמור – It is stated concerning him (i.e., the firstling ass) (Exodus 13:13): “[But every firstling ass you shall redeem with a sheep; if you do not redeem it] you must break its neck….” And it is stated concerning the heifer whose neck is to be broken (Deuteronomy 21:4): “There, in the wadi, they shall break the heifer’s neck. Just as the heifer whose neck is broken is prohibited to derive benefit from it, so also one may not derive benefit from the firstling ass, and it is not permitted to derive benefit from the heifer other an after its neck is broken.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ובבשר בחלב – it is stated three times [in the Torah: (Exodus 23:19; Exodus 34:26 and Deuteronomy 14:21): “You shall not boil a kid in its mother’s milk,” One of them prohibits eating and one prohibits deriving benefit and one of them prohibits cooking.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
ובחולין שנשחטו בעזרה – as it is written (Deuteronomy 12:21): “[If the place where the LORD has chosen to establish His name] is too far from you, you may slaughter [any of the cattle or sheep that LORD gives you…].”If the Place is distant from you, you may slaughter, but you may not slaughter if the Place is close to you. It is possible that you may not eat it, but rather cast it to dogs, as we learn (Exodus 22:30): “[You shall be holy people to Me: you must not eat flesh torn by beasts in the field;] you shall cast it to the dogs.” That (i.e., flesh torn by beasts in the field) you shall cast to the dogs, but not non-sacred animals that were slaughtered in the Temple court.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kiddushin
מכרן וקדש בדמיהן מקודשת – for you may not have anything that stamps its purchase price [with its own sacred character] that will be like it other than idolatry and Seventh-year produce. Idolatry – as it states (Deuteronomy 7:26): “[You must not bring an abhorrent thing into your house,] or you will be proscribed like it; [you must reject it as abominable and abhorrent, for it is proscribed].” Everything from which you derive benefit, it becomes like it. And [concerning] Seventh-year produce, where it says (Leviticus 25:12): “[For it is a jubilee.] It shall be holy to you; [you may only eat the growth direct from the field.]” It stamps its purchase price like something dedicated to the Temple. And Idolatry and Seventh-year produce are two verses that come with the same teaching, and all cases which have two verses that come with the same teaching, we don’t learn anything from them.
