Non sono responsabili a meno che non ci sia dimenticanza della cosa e inconsapevolezza in atto [cioè, se il beth-din ha governato (erroneamente) per la congregazione in uno di tutti i mitzvoth, non sono responsabili per un giovenco di dimenticanza della congregazione, a meno che non ci sia dimenticanza della cosa (vale a dire se la loro sentenza era sbagliata e l'halachah fuggiva da loro), insieme con inconsapevolezza in atto, vale a dire, se la maggior parte della congregazione sbagliava e trasgrediva dalla loro sentenza, veniva scritta (Levitico 4: 13): "E se l'intera congregazione di Israele sbaglia e la cosa si nasconde" —inconsapevolezza nell'atto e dimenticanza della cosa (l'halachah)]. E così con l'unto sacerdote. [Non è responsabile per un'offerta a meno che il frastuono gli sfugga. E non sono responsabili a meno che non ci sia dimenticanza della cosa insieme a inconsapevolezza in atto [come con tutti gli altri mitzvoth; poiché deriviamo idolatria dall'altro mitzvoth dall'identità "dagli occhi"— "dagli occhi", come scritto sopra.] Beth-din non è responsabile a meno che non governino (erroneamente) su una cosa la cui trasgressione inconscia sia punibile da kareth e la cui trasgressione inconsapevole richieda un'offerta per il peccato (tranne per cinque di loro la cui inconsapevole la trasgressione non richiede un'offerta per il peccato: la circoncisione e l'offerta di Pesach —Poiché sono comandamenti positivi, anche se la loro trasgressione accorta è punibile da kareth, la loro trasgressione involontaria non richiede un sacrificio per il peccato, rispetto al quale è scritto (Levitico 4:13) "uno di tutti i mitzvoth della Torah che non devono essere fatti "; e bestemmiando, perché non implica un atto e la Scrittura scrive di un'offerta per il peccato (Numeri 15:29): "per chi agisce inconsapevolmente"—escluso il bestemmia, dove non c'è atto. E per contaminare il santuario e le sue cose sante, la trasgressione inconsapevole richiede (non un'offerta per il peccato, ma) un'offerta su scala mobile, come menzionato in Levitico. Per tutti questi, beth-din e l'unto sacerdote non portano un'offerta per il peccato per trasgressione inconsapevole. Troviamo, quindi, tutto il mitzvoth per il quale beth-din e l'unto sacerdote portano un'offerta a trentuno in totale, con trasgressione che è punibile con kareth e trasgressione inconsapevole che richiede un'offerta di peccato fissa.] E quindi con il sacerdote unto. E non sono responsabili (per portare un'offerta) per l'idolatria fino a quando non governano qualcosa la cui trasgressione accorta è punibile da kareth e la cui trasgressione inconsapevole richiede un'offerta per il peccato.
Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
.The [court] is not obligated [to bring a sacrifice] except where ignorance of the law – A beit din that ruled for the community on one of all the commandments does not need to bring a bull for a communal error-in-judgment (para ha’elem davar) sacrifice for the community but only for the ignorance of the matter in which it ruled in error and because they did not realize that they were transgressing.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
Introduction
Mishnah three continues to teach laws of errant rulings in which the court is treated the same way that a high priest is treated. It also continues to equate errant rulings with regard to idolatry with errant rulings with regard to other sins.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Was accompanied by an unwitting action – The majority of the community erred and acted according to their ruling, as it is written, “they erred and the thing was hidden,” an act in error and the matter was hidden.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
The [court] is not obligated [to bring a sacrifice] except where ignorance of the law was accompanied by an unwitting action, and so it is with the anointed priest. Nor [is obligation incurred] in the case of idolatry unless ignorance of the law was accompanied by an unwitting action. The court is not obligated unless they ruled concerning a prohibition the punishment for which is kareth, if it was transgressed intentionally, and a sin offering if transgressed unwittingly, and so it is with the anointed priest. Nor [is obligation incurred] in the case of idolatry unless they ruled concerning a matter the punishment for which is kareth, if it was transgressed intentionally, and a sin offering if transgressed unwittingly. The court is not obligated to bring a sacrifice except in a case where they did not realize that they were issuing an errant ruling and those that acted did not realize that they were transgressing. The same is true if the high priest issues an errant ruling. He must rule and act unwittingly for him to be able to bring a bull as a sin offering. There is no difference in this rule between idolatry and all other commandments.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
So it is with the anointed priest – The high priest that was anointed with the anointing oil is not obligated to bring a sacrifice unless he forgets the law and he acts and rules in error, as it is written (Leviticus 4), “to bring guilt on the people,” which comes to teach that the anointed priest is like the people.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
The particular commandment with regard to which the court erred and the people transgressed unwittingly, must be one for which the punishment is kareth (heavenly excommunication) if done intentionally and a sin offering if done unwittingly. Examples of such commandments are Shabbat, many incest prohibitions, the eating of certain prohibited foods, work on Yom Kippur, and cursing God. These are all listed in tractate Karetoth 1:1-2. Idol worship is a sin for which one is potentially liable for kareth or a sin offering (if done unwittingly). However, not all forms of idol worship are punishable by kareth or a sin offering. If one worships an idol in an unusual manner, a type of worship that is not considered normal for that idol or any other idol, than he is not liable for kareth or a sin offering. If the court were to issue an errant ruling with regard to one of these types of worship, the court would not be liable to bring a bull as a sin offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Nor [is obligation incurred] in the case of idolatry – The beit din issued a mistaken ruling regarding idol worship and they are obligated to bring a bull and a goat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Nor [is obligation incurred] in the case of idolatry unless ignorance of the law was accompanied by an unwitting action – Like all the other commandments. We learn about idol worship from the other commandments from a g’zeira shava (“equivalent form”) of “eyes” and “eyes”, as written above.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
The court is not obligated unless they ruled concerning a prohibition the punishment for which is karet, if it was transgressed intentionally, and a sin offering if transgressed unwittingly – There are 36 commandments in the Torah for which the punishment is “karet” and for each one a sin offering is required if the commandment was transgressed unwittingly, except for five that do not require a sin offering if transgressed in error: brit mila and the Passover sacrifice, since they are positive commandments. Even though wilfully transgressing them has a punishment of “karet” no sin offering is required if they are transgressed in error, as it is written about a sin offering (Leviticus 4), “do any of the things which the LORD hath commanded not to be done.” And making an oath, because there is no action and the Torah says about a sin offering to transgress in error: if an oath was uttered there was no action. And impurity in the Temple and of its contents create no obligation if transgressed in error, but rather a sliding scale sacrifice (oleh ve’yored), as said in Leviticus. And a beit din does not have to bring a sin offering if these are transgressed in error and neither does a high priest. There are 31 commandments for which the punishment is wilful transgression is “karet” and for erroneous transgression is a sin-offering, for which a beit din and a high priest have to bring a sacrifice.
