È permesso fare un eruv con demai (produrre "sospetto" come una decima impropria). [(È permesso fare un eruv) con una pagnotta presa da un am ha'aeretz, da cui il terumath ma'aser di demai non è stato separato.], E con ma'aser rishon il cui terumah è stato preso, e con ma'aser sheni e hekdesh che erano stati riscattati; e Cohanim, con Challah e con Terumah, ma non con Tevel (grano non coperto), e non con Ma'aser Rishon il cui Terumah non era stato preso, e non con Ma'aser Sheni e Hekdesh che non erano stati riscattati. [Tutti questi sono spiegati in Shabbath (18: 1)]. Se uno invia il suo eruv attraverso un sordomuto, un imbecille o un minore, o attraverso uno che non riconosce (l'istituzione di) eruv, [come un cuthite o un sadducee], non è valido. [("Se uno manda il suo eruv" :) per portarlo alla fine di duemila cubiti. Ed è solo con Eruvei Techumin che non è valido se lo ha inviato tramite un minore; ma con eruvei chatzeroth viene stabilito che un minore può essere deputato a un eruv.] E se dicesse ad un altro di accettarlo da lui, è valido. [(Se ha detto a un altro) che è kasher di accettarlo dal pasul (il non idoneo) e di portarlo alla fine di duemila cubiti, è valido, purché si alzi e sia testimone del pasul che lo mette nel mano del kasher, anche se non vede il kasher che lo trasporta; poiché si presume che un messaggero esegua la sua ambasciata.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
מערבין בדמאי – with a loaf that was taken from an ignoramus/illiterate (i.e., someone who does not observe the rules of tithing and Levitical uncleanness) and did not separate from it the tithe of the tithe of doubtfully tithed produce.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
Introduction
The first section of this mishnah deals with foods that may or may not be used to set up an eruv.
The second section deals with sending an eruv (a meal) with an agent.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ובמעשר ראשון כו' אבל לא בטבל וכו' – all of these are explained in Tractate Shabbat, in the Chapter “They Clear Away” פרק מפנין(Chapter 18, Mishnah 1).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
They may make an eruv with demai (doubtfully tithed, or with first tithe from which terumah had been taken, or with second tithe or consecrated [food] that have been redeemed; and priests [may make their eruv] with hallah and terumah. [It may] not [be prepared], with untithed produce, nor with first tithe from which terumah has not been taken, nor with second tithe or consecrated [food] that have not been redeemed. All of the things listed in this section are not completely prohibited, at least not by the Torah. Demai is doubtfully tithed produce, which may be given to poor people. First tithe may be eaten by Levites, once the terumah has been removed and given to the priest. Once second tithe and consecrated food are redeemed they may be eaten (the money is taken to Jerusalem and used their to buy food). Priests may use hallah and terumah to make their eruv. Hallah refers to the separated dough that Israelites must give to priests. In yesterday’s mishnah we learned that all people may make their eruv from terumah and not just priests. This seemingly contradicts today’s mishnah which specifies that only priests may use terumah, since only they can eat it. There are two answers to this problem: 1) priests commonly use terumah to make their eruv. 2) Mishnah Pesahim 2:5, a mishnah which deals with the types of grains which can be used for matzah, contains the exact same line. There it can refer only to priests, since Israelites could not eat terumah. Our mishnah copied the list from that mishnah. The list that follows is of foods which may not be consumed by anyone. Since no one can eat these things, they may not be used in making an eruv.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
השולח את ערובו ביד חרש כו' – to bring it to the end of two thousand cubits and specifically regarding the joining of borders/עירובי תחומין is not an Eruv if he sent it in the hand of a minor, but with עירובי חצרות /the joining of courtyards, it exists for us with a minor seizing the Eruv.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
This section deals with a person who sends an agent to set up an eruv (meaning a meal) at the end of his Shabbat border, that is 2000 cubits outside of the city, or wherever else he may be. The mishnah teaches that if the person sent it with a deaf-mute, an imbecile or a minor, the eruv cannot be relied upon. According to the rabbis, these people lack the intelligence which is necessary to have the proper intention to set up an eruv. He also cannot send the eruv with someone who does not believe in the halakhic viability of eruvin, since that person will obviously not intend to set up a proper eruv. However, if he sends it with one of these people in order to bring it to someone else who will actually set up the eruv, then the eruv is valid. We should note that this mishnah alludes to people who deny the validity of eruvin. The Talmud comments that this is a reference to the Samaritans who took the Exodus 16:29, “no man should leave his place” literally. This is a classic case where we can see that not all Jews in the time of the Mishnah accepted rabbinic midrash and that there were those who read the Bible far more literally than did the rabbis.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ביד מי שאינו מודה בערוב – such as, for example, a Cuthean or a Sadducee (who does not recognized the validity of the Oral Torah).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ואם אמר לאחר – who is deemed fit to receive it from someone not eligible and the fit one will bring it to the end of two thousand cubits.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
הרי זה עירוב – this is an Eruv as long as that he stands and sees at the time when the ineligible wone gives it to the hand of the one who is fit, even though he does not see it, for the fit one takes it for he performs with the presumption of an agent his mission.
