Commentaire sur Shevi'it 3:10
הַבּוֹנֶה גָדֵר בֵּינוֹ וּבֵין רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, מֻתָּר לְהַעֲמִיק עַד הַסֶּלַע. מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה בֶּעָפָר, צוֹבְרוֹ בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וּמְתַקְּנוֹ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁאֵין מְקַלְקְלִין בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, כָּךְ לֹא יְתַקֵּנוּ. מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה בֶּעָפָר, צוֹבְרוֹ בְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ כְּדֶרֶךְ הַמְזַבְּלִין. וְכֵן הַחוֹפֵר בּוֹר וְשִׁיחַ וּמְעָרָה:
Celui qui construit une clôture entre sa propriété et celle du domaine public peut creuser jusqu'à la roche. Que faut-il faire avec le sol [déterré]? Mettez-le dans le domaine public et utilisez-le pour des améliorations; ainsi dit le rabbin Yehoshua. Le rabbin Akiva dit, tout comme nous ne mettons pas d'obstacles dans la voie publique, nous n'y apportons pas non plus d'améliorations. [Plutôt] que doit-on faire du sol? Empilez-le dans votre propre propriété comme vous le feriez avec du fumier. Et de même si vous creusez une fosse, une tranchée ou une grotte.
Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
להעמיק עד הסלע – and we are not troubled that perhaps he changes his mind and sows it, for it is not the manner for people to sow close to the public domain. But between him and his friend, we are troubled tht perhaps he will change his mind and sow it and it is forbidden.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
Introduction
Normally speaking one is not allowed to dig a hole on his property during the sabbatical year because that is considered working the land. Our mishnah deals with a few exceptions to this rule.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
צוברו ברה"ר (pile it up in the public domain) - and afterwards, he will take it from there and repair the public domain as it was.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
One who makes a fence between his own property and the public domain, he is allowed to dig down to rock level. One is allowed to build a fence during the sabbatical year between his property and the public domain because people who see him will not suspect him of preparing his property for planting. He is allowed to dig all the way down to bedrock.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
כשם שאין מקלקלים רה"ר כך לא יתקן - meaning to say, it is not necessary to pile up his dust in the public domain which is prohibited, even though he would remove it afterwards for he does damage by the hour, but even to repair is forbidden, as for example, if the stones or the dust were scattered in the public domain, he should not pile them up in one place, but rather remove them completely from the public domain, and that is what he said: just as we don’t do damage in the public domain, he should not pile up his dust , even though that it was his intention to remove it immediately, so also he should not repair to pile up stones or dust that is scattered in the public domain and bring them out to the sea or the river.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
What should he do with the soil? He piles it up in the public domain, and then restores it, the words of Rabbi Joshua. Were he to just heap the soil up in his own field it would look like he was tending to his field. Therefore, according to Rabbi Joshua he heaps it up in the public domain, and then afterwards he may use that soil to repair holes in the public domain.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
מה יעשה בעפר – according to Rabbi Akiva.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
Rabbi Akiva says: just as no damage may be done to a public domain, so one may not repair it. Then what should he do with the soil? He heaps it up in his own field in the manner of those who bring out dung [for manure]. Rabbi Akiva points out that there is a problem with Rabbi Joshua’s solution as to what to do with the soil. One is not allowed to do any damage to the public domain, even if he will afterwards restore the damage he has done. Heaping his soil in the public domain is forbidden, even if he is only doing so on a temporary basis. Rather what he should do is heap it up in his own field using the same rules that we saw with regarding to the dung used for manure. He needs to make three dungheaps per bet seah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
צוברו בתוך שדהו כדרך המזבלים- three dung heaps for a Bet Seah (fifty cubits by fifty cubits).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sheviit
Similarly when one digs a cistern, a trench or a cave. The same debate between Rabbi Joshua and Rabbi Akiva exists also with regard to digging a cistern, a trench or a cave.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sheviit
וכן החופר בור שיח מערה – like the rest of the days of the yeaer, Rabbi Yehoshua and Rabbi Akiva disagree regarding this. According to Rabbi Yehoshua, we pile it up in th public domain, as long as he doesn’t remove it afterwards and improve/repair the public domain as it was, and for Rabbi Akiva, even though it is his intention to repair/improve, it is forbidden, other than to pile it up in his domain. And the Halakha is according to Rabbi Akiva.
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