Ce sont ceux qui sont exécutés par lapidation: [La lapidation est explicitement mentionnée pour certains; et là où il n'est pas dit, il est écrit «Son sang est en lui», «Leur sang est en eux», ce qui fait allusion à la lapidation. La halakha est dérivée de ce qui est dit à propos des nécromanciens et des devins (Lévitique 20:27): "Avec des pierres ils les lapideront; leur sang est en eux."] Un homme qui vit avec sa mère, avec la femme de son père, avec sa belle-fille, avec un mâle et avec une bête; une femme qui amène une bête sur elle-même, un blasphémateur, un idolâtre, celui qui donne de sa semence au Molech [Ce tanna soutient que Molech n'est pas de l'idolâtrie, mais une pratique des gentils, les deux (l'idolâtrie et Molech) étant présentés séparément] , Ba'al Ov et yidoni (voir 7: 7), celui qui profane le sabbat, celui qui maudit son père et sa mère [Ceci est plus sévère que de les frapper, deux (péchés) obtenant: faire honte à son père et à sa mère et prononcer le nom du L rd en vain, étant jugé qu'il n'est pas responsable tant qu'il ne les maudit pas avec le nom], celui qui vit avec une jeune fille fiancée, celui qui égaré [un individu] (à l'idolâtrie), celui qui se retourne [un ville] égarée, une sorcière, [à savoir. (Exode 22:17): "Une sorcière que tu ne laisseras pas vivre", suivi de (Ibid. 18): "Quiconque couche avec une bête sera mis à mort." Tout comme là, la lapidation est indiquée, ici aussi, la lapidation (s'entend)], et un fils rebelle (ben sorer umoreh). Celui qui vit avec sa mère est responsable sur le compte de sa mère et sur le compte de la femme de son père. [Il est responsable de deux offrandes pour le péché—kareth (coupure) et la discrétion de l'offrande pour le péché (même dans un seul corps) étant énoncée à l'égard de tous les arayoth (relations illicites)]. R. Yehudah dit: Il n'est responsable que du seul chef de sa mère. Celui qui habite avec la femme de son père est responsable du chef de la femme de son père et du chef de la femme d'un autre homme, que ce soit du vivant de son père ou après sa mort, qu'elle soit fiancée ou mariée. [("si elle était fiancée" :) Pour une fois qu'il la fiancée, elle est considérée comme sa femme, à savoir. "Si un homme prend une femme." Depuis le moment de la «prise», elle est appelée sa femme. Cette «prise» est des fiançailles, comme elle est dérivée par l'identité, «prendre» - «prendre», du champ d'Efron (Genèse 23:13)]. Celui qui vit avec sa belle-fille est responsable du chef de sa belle-fille et du chef de la femme d'un autre homme, que ce soit du vivant de son fils ou après son décès, qu'elle soit fiancée ou mariée. Un homme qui vit avec un mâle ou une bête, et une femme qui amène une bête sur elle: Si l'homme a péché, comment la bête a-t-elle péché? Mais parce qu'un homme a été «défait» par cela, l'Écriture ordonne qu'il soit lapidé. Une autre interprétation: pour que la bête ne traverse pas le marché et que les gens disent: "C'est celui pour lequel cet homme a été lapidé."
Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
אלו הן הנסקלין – there are from among them, that it is written concerning them explicitly “stoning,” and those that are not written on them “stoning,” are written concerning them, “his blood be upon him,” or “their blood will be upon them,” for every place where it says, “is blood be upon him,” or “their blood will be upon them” – is none other than stoning, as we derive from the cited ghost and soothsayer, as it is written (Leviticus 20:27): “…they shall be pelted with stones – their bloodguilt shall be upon them.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
Introduction
Mishnah four lists those crimes for which one is stoned and begins to explain them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
והנותן מזרעו למולך – For this Tanna holds that Molekh (the fire-god of the Canaanites) is not idolatry, but is a statute of the nations in general, since he teaches in the Mishnah “idolatry”, and also teaches in the Mishnah “Molekh.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
This mishnah lists all of those who are executed by stoning and then begins to explain some of the details. Most of these crimes are specifically listed in the Torah as being punishable by stoning. Some are learned through an analogy with other crimes. We will mention the verses for each crime.(1) one who has sexual relations with his mother: Leviticus 18:7, 20:11. (2) with his father's wife: Leviticus 18:8, 20:11. (3) with his daughter -in-law: Leviticus 20:12. (4) with a male: Leviticus 20:13. (5) with a beast: Leviticus 20:15. (6) a woman who commits bestiality with a beast: Leviticus 20:16. (7) a blasphemer: Leviticus 24:15-16. (8) an idolater: Deuteronomy 17:2-5. (9) one who gives of his seed to molech: Leviticus 20:2. (10) a necromancer or a wizard: Leviticus 20:27. (11) one who desecrates the Sabbath: Number 15:35. (12) he who curses his father or mother: Exodus 21:17, Leviticus 20:9. (13) he who commits adultery with a betrothed woman: Deuteronomy 22:23-24. (14) one who incites [individuals to idolatry: Deuteronomy 13:7-11. (15) one who seduces [a whole town to idolatry]: Deuteronomy 13:7-11. (16) a sorcerer: Exodus 22:17, Deuteronomy 18:10. (17) a wayward and rebellious son: Deuteronomy 21:18-21. The rest of chapter seven will deal with the first 16 of these issues.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
והמקלל אביו ואמו – which is worse than striking [his father and/or his mother]. For there are two [forms of] degradation of his father and mother – as well as taking the Name of Heaven in vain, and it is taught in the Mishnah that he is not liable until he curses them by name.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
He who has sexual relations with his mother incurs a penalty in respect of her both as his mother and as his father's wife. R. Judah says: “He is liable in respect of her as his mother only.” One who has relations with his mother incurs two crimes, one for having relations with his mother and a separate crime for having relations with his father’s wife. Of course there is no practical difference with regards to how many crimes he has committed if he is to incur the death penalty, since you can only kill a man once. There is a difference though if the relations were accidental (such as he didn’t know that she was his mother). In such a case he must bring a sacrifice to make atonement. Our mishnah teaches that he will have to bring two sacrifices. Rabbi Judah holds that he is obligated for only one sacrifice.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
והמסית – individuals.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
He who has sexual relations with his father's wife incurs a penalty in respect of her both as his father's wife, and as a married woman, both during his father's lifetime and after his death, whether she was widowed from betrothal or from marriage. One who has relations with his father’s wife (not his mother) is obligated for having relations with a married woman and with his father’s wife. He is obligated no matter if his father is alive or has already died and she is now his widow. Similarly, he is obligated even if she was only betrothed to his father, but not fully married.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
והמדיח – The apostate city.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
He who has sexual relations with his daughter-in-law incurs a penalty in respect of her both as his daughter-in-law and as a married woman, both during his son's lifetime and after his death, whether she was widowed from betrothal or from marriage. All of the same laws with regards to the prohibition of having relations with one’s father’s wife are true with regards to one’s son’s wife.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
מכשף – as it is written (Exodus 22:17): “You shall not tolerate a sorceress,” and near it (next verse, 18): “Whoever lies with a beast shall be put to death.” Just as the one who lies with a beast [shall be put to death] by stoning, so too, the sorceress, [shall be put to death] by stoning.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
He who has sexual relations with a male or a beast, and a woman that commits bestiality: if the man has sinned, how has the animal sinned? But because the human was enticed to sin by the animal, therefore scripture ordered that it should be stoned. Another reason is that the animal should not pass through the market, and people say, this is the animal on account of which so and so was stoned. This section deals with bestiality. According to Leviticus 20:15-16, an animal who has had sexual relations with a man or woman is to be killed. Our mishnah asks why should the animal be killed. After all it certainly had no control over its actions. The mishnah supplies two answers: 1) since it caused a man or woman to sin. Perhaps we are concerned that another person might also sin with this animal. 2) So people will not be reminded of the crime every time they see the animal.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
הבא על האם חייב עליה – two sins, and with all of them [which deal with] incest [it is written concerning them "כרת" / extirpation and it is written concerning them] a separation of sins, and even with one body, and such is the Halakha.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
בין מן האירוסין – for since he betrothed her, she is his wife, as it is written (Leviticus 20:14): “If a man marries a woman….” From the time of his taking, she is called “his wife.” And this “taking” is Kiddushin/Sanctification, as we derive "קיחה"\קיחה" – from the field of Ephron (via an analogy – Leviticus 20:14 and Genesis 23:13 – “accept it from me, that I may bury my dead there”).
