Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Nedarim 2:1

וְאֵלּוּ מֻתָּרִין. חֻלִּין שֶׁאֹכַל לָךְ, כִּבְשַׂר חֲזִיר, כַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, כְּעוֹרוֹת לְבוּבִין, כִּנְבֵלוֹת, כִּטְרֵפוֹת, כִּשְׁקָצִים, כִּרְמָשִׂים, כְּחַלַּת אַהֲרֹן וְכִתְרוּמָתוֹ, מֻתָּר. הָאוֹמֵר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, הֲרֵי אַתְּ עָלַי כְּאִמָּא, פּוֹתְחִין לוֹ פֶתַח מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר, שֶׁלֹּא יָקֵל רֹאשׁוֹ לְכָךְ. קוֹנָם שֶׁאֵינִי יָשֵׁן, שֶׁאֵינִי מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁאֵינִי מְהַלֵּךְ, הָאוֹמֵר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, קוֹנָם שֶׁאֵינִי מְשַׁמְּשֵׁךְ, הֲרֵי זֶה בְלֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ. שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁאֵינִי יָשֵׁן, שֶׁאֵינִי מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁאֵינִי מְהַלֵּךְ, אָסוּר:

Et ceux-ci sont autorisés: (Que ce soit comme) "chullin (nourriture non consacrée), ce que je mange de toi". [(Ceci est simplement un signe, à savoir: Tout comme "Chullin, ce que je mange de toi" ne nécessite pas la consultation d'un sage (pour l'absolution), donc tous ceux mentionnés dans la première partie de notre Mishnah ne nécessitent pas de consultation d'un sage.)], «Comme la chair de porc», «Comme l'idolâtrie», «Comme les peaux de levuvin» [Ils inciseraient la bête autour du cœur pendant qu'il était encore en vie, en retiraient le cœur et l'offriraient à l'idolâtrie, et il n'est pas permis de tirer profit des offrandes idolâtres.], «Comme neveiloth» (carcasse), «Comme treifoth» (animaux organiquement défectueux), «Comme shekatzim et remasim» (animaux et reptiles interdits), «Comme la challah d'Aaron "[le premier des Cohanim] et comme sa terumah [Challah n'est pas" une chose qui est vouée ", challah et terumah ne venant pas par vœu et don.]— ceux-ci sont permis [Car les Écritures déclarent (Nombres 30: 3): "Un homme, s'il fait un vœu" —(L'objet abandonné ne lui devient pas interdit) à moins qu'il ne jure (de l'abjurer) contre quelque chose qui lui-même est voué (et non interdit par sa nature même). Quant à (1: 4): «Une offrande pour le péché, que je ne mange pas de vous», ce qui est interdit, même si (une offrande pour le péché) n'est pas une chose qui est vouée, là (la raison est que) il est possible de se rendre responsable d'une offrande pour le péché à la suite d'un vœu, comme quand on fait un vœu naziréen et devient responsable d'un sacrifice pour le péché.] Si l'on dit à sa femme: "Il vous est (interdit) de moi comme ma mère "[Même si ce n'est pas" quelque chose qui est voué ", il est plus strict que tous ceux mentionnés ci-dessus, exigeant l'absolution des rabbins s'il est un ha'aretz (désappris)], une ouverture est prévu pour lui «d'ailleurs» [c'est-à-dire qu'une ouverture et une «justification» sont prévues pour sa rétractation, il ne suffit pas qu'on lui demande «Le regrettez-vous maintenant?». ou "Vous ressentez toujours la même chose?" (tout cela,) pour qu'il ne traite pas la question à la légère (et ne s'habitue pas à interdire sa femme à lui-même.)] "Konam" que je ne dors pas, que je ne parle pas, que je ne marche pas, [il ne peut pas casser sa parole. Ceci, par ordonnance rabbinique; car, par la loi de la Torah, un tel vœu ne «prend» pas, des vœux ne prenant que des questions de «substance»]; si l'on dit à sa femme: «Konem que je ne cohabite pas avec toi», il vient sous (Nombres 30: 3): «Il ne peut pas rompre sa parole». [Le gemara demande: N'est-il pas obligé de (cohabiter avec) elle? Comment peut-il se dégager de cette obligation par son vœu? C'est comparable à celui d'interdire le fruit de son ami à son ami! Et le gemara répond: (Il obtient) quand il dit: «Le plaisir de cohabiter avec toi m'est konam», où il s'interdit le plaisir à lui-même; et un homme ne peut pas recevoir ce qui lui est interdit.] (S'il dit;) "Un serment" que je ne dors pas, que je ne parle pas, que je ne marche pas—c'est interdit. [C'est interdit par la loi de la Torah; car les serments «prêtent» à la fois aux choses substantielles et aux choses sans substance. Et s'il jure qu'il ne dormira pas trois jours de suite, jour et nuit, il reçoit des rayures et dort aussitôt, ayant juré de faire l'impossible.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

ואלו מותרין. חולין שאוכל לך (and these [vows] are not binding: may what I eat of yours be unconsecrated food) – he (i.e., the teacher of the Mishnah) took these merely as a sign, ust as unconsecrated food that I may eat of yours – there is no need for a request made to a Sage (i.e., if a person makes a vow or takes an oath, or consecrates property, and afterwards regrets having done so, he may go to a Sage and request that he release him from his vow). So also, all of these that we mention in our Mishnah in the first clause there is no need for a request made to a Sage.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Nedarim

And these [vows] are not binding: [One who says] “What I eat of yours shall be unconsecrated”; “As the flesh of the swine”; “As an object of idolatrous worship”; “As hides pierced at the heart”; “As carrion”; “As terefoth”; “As abominations”; “As creeping things”; “As Aaron’s dough”; “As his terumah”--[in all these cases the vow is] not binding.
If one says to his wife, “Behold! You are like my mother to me”, he must be given an opening on other grounds, in order that he should not act lightly in such matters.
[If one says,] “Konam if I sleep”; “If I speak”; or “If I walk”; or if one says to his wife, “Konam if I cohabit with you,” he is liable to [the biblical prohibition] “he shall not break his word” (Numbers 30:.
[If he says,] “I swear] an oath not to sleep”, or, “talk,” or, “walk,” he is forbidden [to do so].

The first section of this mishnah deals with vows that are not binding. The second and third sections deal with vow that are semi-binding.
Section one: I shall explain each of these cases one at time.
“What I might eat of yours shall be unconsecrated”: Unconsecrated food is permitted, hence he has not stated that anything should be prohibited to him.
“As the flesh of the swine”: Vow formulas only work if the object used as a vow is something which can be vowed/dedicated to the Temple, such as an offering. While swine and the subsequent objects listed in this mishnah are forbidden, they cannot be offered to the Temple, and hence the vow is invalid.
“As an object of idolatrous worship”: This vow does not work for the same reason as above.
“As hides pierced at the heart”: These were used in idol worship.
“As carrion”; “As terefoth”; “As abominations”; “As creeping things”: These are all things which Jews may not eat. Carrion is an animal which was slaughtered improperly, “terefoth” are animals which died or would have died without being slaughtered. “Abominations and creeping things” are forbidden reptiles and other small animals, all of which are forbidden to eat. Again, the vow formula is ineffective because he didn’t vow using something which can be donated to the Temple.
“As Aaron’s dough”; “As his terumah”: These are both gifts that must be given to priests (Aaron’s sons). They are forbidden for consumption for non-priestly Jews. However, since one cannot offer them to the Temple, they cannot be used in vow formulas.
Section two: In this case, a husband attempts to forbid his wife to himself sexually, by stating that she should be to him like his mother, who is obviously prohibited to him (nothing Oedipal here). The vow does not work, since he didn’t use something that can be vowed as part of his vow formula. However, the rabbis did not want people to take these matters lightly and hence they said that he had to find an “opening” for breaking his vow. For this, he will need to see a Sage. We will learn more about how this is done towards the end of the tractate.
Section three: At the end of the previous chapter we learned that a vow does not work on something that has no substance. Therefore, when one says “Konam (a valid formula) that I should not do something” the vow is not valid, since actions do not have substance. However, our mishnah rules that the one who took such a vow should nevertheless keep his word. He still must follow the prohibition in Numbers 30:3, that a person must do all that he promised.
In contrast, oaths (shevuoth) can be made on actions, for an oath relates to the person and not to the object. Therefore, one who swears an oath not to do something is bound by Torah law to keep his word.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

כעורות לבובין (like hides pierced at the heart) – they wud make incisions in the animal while it is living opposite the heart and remove the heart and sacrifice it to idolatry, and this sacrifice to idolatry is prohibited to derive any benefit.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

כחלת אהרן – who was first for the Kohanim (see Numbers 15:20 – “You shall make a gift to the LORD from the first yield of your baking, throughout the ages). And it cannot be something that is vowed, for Hallah and heave-offering/Terumah come as a vow or a free-will offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

הרי זה מותר – as it states in Scripture (Numbers 30:3): “If a man makes a vow [to the LORD],” until he should make a vow with a thing that is vowed. But a sin-offering that I won’t eat with you , as we stated in the first chapter [of Tractate Nedarim, Mishnah 4], even though it is not something that is vowed, there is reason, for it is possible that he will bring a sin-offering through a vow, as for example, that he took a vow to be a Nazir, and is liable to bring a sin-offering [upon the conclusion of the thirty-day length of serving as a Nazir].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

הרי את עלי כאמא (Lo, you are like mother to me) – even though this this is not a matter that is vowed, it is more severe from all of the others that are above, he requires a release from the Rabbis if he is an illiterate individual (i.e., “Am HaAretz)
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

and we make an opening for retracting a vow from another place (i.e., reason) meaning to say, we request for him and opening and reason for his remorse. But it is not sufficient [to ask him]: Do you now regret [that you had vowed]? Or that your heart is upon you – that you bear a grudge (see Tractate Nedarim 21b), and all of this in order that he may not behave lightly in such a matter and that he should not become accustomed to forbid his wife upon him.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

קונם שאיני ישן כו' – Lo, this is (Numbers 30:3): “he shall not break his pledge” according to the Rabbis, but from the Torah, there is no vow taking effect, for vows do not take effect other than on something that has substance (see Talmud Nedarim 15a).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

קונם שאיני משמשך (that I will not have sexual relations with you) – In the Gemara (Tractate Nedarim 15b) a difficulty is raised if he is subservient to her, how is he able to release her subservience through his vow, for it is like prohibiting the produce of his fellow on his fellow? But it [i.e., the Gemara] responds, as, for example, when he stated that he takes a vow against enjoying the benefit of her sexual relations with me,” that he forbade this benefit upon himself, and we don’t feed a person something that is forbidden to him.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim

שבועה שאיני ישן וכו' – this is forbidden form the Torah, for oaths take effect whether there is something in it of substance, or whether it is on something that has no substance. But if he took an oath to not sleep for three consecutive days, night and day, he is flogged/whipped and he sleeps immediately, because he took an oath on something that is impossible to fulfill.
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