Ils ne sont pas responsables à moins qu'il y ait oubli de la chose et involontaire dans l'acte [c'est-à-dire, si Beth-Din a statué (à tort) pour la congrégation dans l'une de toutes les mitsvoth, ils ne sont pas responsables d'un taureau d'oubli de la congrégation, à moins qu'il y ait oubli de la chose (c'est-à-dire si leur décision était erronée et que la halakha leur a échappé), ainsi que l'inconscience dans l'acte, c'est-à-dire si la plupart de la congrégation a commis une erreur et transgressé par leur décision, cela étant écrit (Lévitique 4: 13): "Et si toute la congrégation d'Israël se trompe et que la chose se cache" —inconscience dans l'acte et oubli de la chose (la halakha)]. Et ainsi avec le prêtre oint. [Il n'est pas responsable d'une offre à moins que le vacarme ne lui ait échappé. Et ils ne sont pas responsables à moins qu'il y ait oubli de la chose en même temps qu'un acte involontaire [comme avec toutes les autres mitsvoth; car nous tirons l'idolâtrie des autres mitsvoth par identité «par les yeux»— "par les yeux", comme écrit ci-dessus.] Beth-din ne sont pas responsables à moins qu'ils ne se prononcent (à tort) sur une chose dont la transgression volontaire est punissable par Kareth et dont la transgression involontaire nécessite un sacrifice pour le péché (sauf pour cinq d'entre eux dont la transgression n'exige pas une offrande pour le péché: la circoncision et l'offrande de Pessa'h —Parce qu'ils sont des commandements positifs, même si leur transgression volontaire est punissable par kareth, leur transgression involontaire ne nécessite pas une offrande pour le péché, à l'égard de laquelle il est écrit (Lévitique 4:13) "l'une de toutes les mitsvoth de la Torah qui ne sont pas à faire "; et blasphémer, parce qu'il n'implique pas un acte et les Écritures écrivent d'un sacrifice pour le péché (Nombres 15:29): "pour celui qui agit sans le vouloir"—à l'exclusion des blasphèmes, là où il n'y a pas d'acte. Et pour souiller le sanctuaire et ses choses saintes, la transgression involontaire nécessite (non pas une offrande pour le péché, mais) une offrande à échelle variable, comme mentionné dans Lévitique. Pour tous ceux-ci, Beth-din et le prêtre oint n'apportent pas un sacrifice pour le péché pour une transgression involontaire. Nous trouvons donc toutes les mitsvoth pour lesquelles Beth-din et le prêtre oint apportent une offrande à un total de trente et un, dont la transgression est punissable par kareth, et la transgression involontaire exigeant une offrande pour le péché.] Et ainsi avec le prêtre oint. Et ils ne sont pas responsables (d'apporter une offrande) pour l'idolâtrie jusqu'à ce qu'ils se prononcent sur quelque chose dont la transgression volontaire est punie par Kareth et dont la transgression involontaire nécessite une offrande pour le péché.
Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
.The [court] is not obligated [to bring a sacrifice] except where ignorance of the law – A beit din that ruled for the community on one of all the commandments does not need to bring a bull for a communal error-in-judgment (para ha’elem davar) sacrifice for the community but only for the ignorance of the matter in which it ruled in error and because they did not realize that they were transgressing.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
Introduction
Mishnah three continues to teach laws of errant rulings in which the court is treated the same way that a high priest is treated. It also continues to equate errant rulings with regard to idolatry with errant rulings with regard to other sins.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Was accompanied by an unwitting action – The majority of the community erred and acted according to their ruling, as it is written, “they erred and the thing was hidden,” an act in error and the matter was hidden.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
The [court] is not obligated [to bring a sacrifice] except where ignorance of the law was accompanied by an unwitting action, and so it is with the anointed priest. Nor [is obligation incurred] in the case of idolatry unless ignorance of the law was accompanied by an unwitting action. The court is not obligated unless they ruled concerning a prohibition the punishment for which is kareth, if it was transgressed intentionally, and a sin offering if transgressed unwittingly, and so it is with the anointed priest. Nor [is obligation incurred] in the case of idolatry unless they ruled concerning a matter the punishment for which is kareth, if it was transgressed intentionally, and a sin offering if transgressed unwittingly. The court is not obligated to bring a sacrifice except in a case where they did not realize that they were issuing an errant ruling and those that acted did not realize that they were transgressing. The same is true if the high priest issues an errant ruling. He must rule and act unwittingly for him to be able to bring a bull as a sin offering. There is no difference in this rule between idolatry and all other commandments.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
So it is with the anointed priest – The high priest that was anointed with the anointing oil is not obligated to bring a sacrifice unless he forgets the law and he acts and rules in error, as it is written (Leviticus 4), “to bring guilt on the people,” which comes to teach that the anointed priest is like the people.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
The particular commandment with regard to which the court erred and the people transgressed unwittingly, must be one for which the punishment is kareth (heavenly excommunication) if done intentionally and a sin offering if done unwittingly. Examples of such commandments are Shabbat, many incest prohibitions, the eating of certain prohibited foods, work on Yom Kippur, and cursing God. These are all listed in tractate Karetoth 1:1-2. Idol worship is a sin for which one is potentially liable for kareth or a sin offering (if done unwittingly). However, not all forms of idol worship are punishable by kareth or a sin offering. If one worships an idol in an unusual manner, a type of worship that is not considered normal for that idol or any other idol, than he is not liable for kareth or a sin offering. If the court were to issue an errant ruling with regard to one of these types of worship, the court would not be liable to bring a bull as a sin offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Nor [is obligation incurred] in the case of idolatry – The beit din issued a mistaken ruling regarding idol worship and they are obligated to bring a bull and a goat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Nor [is obligation incurred] in the case of idolatry unless ignorance of the law was accompanied by an unwitting action – Like all the other commandments. We learn about idol worship from the other commandments from a g’zeira shava (“equivalent form”) of “eyes” and “eyes”, as written above.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
The court is not obligated unless they ruled concerning a prohibition the punishment for which is karet, if it was transgressed intentionally, and a sin offering if transgressed unwittingly – There are 36 commandments in the Torah for which the punishment is “karet” and for each one a sin offering is required if the commandment was transgressed unwittingly, except for five that do not require a sin offering if transgressed in error: brit mila and the Passover sacrifice, since they are positive commandments. Even though wilfully transgressing them has a punishment of “karet” no sin offering is required if they are transgressed in error, as it is written about a sin offering (Leviticus 4), “do any of the things which the LORD hath commanded not to be done.” And making an oath, because there is no action and the Torah says about a sin offering to transgress in error: if an oath was uttered there was no action. And impurity in the Temple and of its contents create no obligation if transgressed in error, but rather a sliding scale sacrifice (oleh ve’yored), as said in Leviticus. And a beit din does not have to bring a sin offering if these are transgressed in error and neither does a high priest. There are 31 commandments for which the punishment is wilful transgression is “karet” and for erroneous transgression is a sin-offering, for which a beit din and a high priest have to bring a sacrifice.
