Deux gittin écrits [sur deux pages], l'un à côté de l'autre, et deux témoins hébreux, s'étendant de dessous l'un (get) à sous l'autre, [c'est-à-dire, deux Hébreux signés sous un get, (leurs signatures s'étendant) sous le second; le nom du témoin sous le premier get, et le nom de son père sous le second. De même, un deuxième témoin (hébreu) sous lui] et deux témoins grecs [deux Israélites, originaires de Grèce, qui ont alors signé en écriture grecque, qui va de gauche à droite, de sorte que le nom du témoin est sous le deuxième, et le nom de son père sous le premier], le get avec lequel les témoins sont lus ensemble est valide. [Si les hébreux sont signés ci-dessus, de sorte que, l'écriture hébraïque allant de droite à gauche, le nom du témoin est sous la main droite get, et le nom de son père sous la gauche, la main droite get est valide. Et si les Grecs sont signés ci-dessus, la gauche est valide; car les noms des témoins sont sous la gauche. Le raisonnement: Nous soupçonnons que ces derniers témoins auraient pu adapter leur scénario à l'ordre employé par les premiers témoins. De sorte que si les Hébreux étaient signés ci-dessus, de droite à gauche, sur la main droite, quand les deux Grecs sont venus signer sous eux (sur la main gauche, prenez), ils auraient pu aussi suivre l'ordre des Hébreux, de sorte que tous les quatre auraient signé sur la main droite obtenir. De même, si les Grecs étaient signés ci-dessus (sur la main gauche get), les Hébreux qui sont venus après eux auraient peut-être inversé l'ordre de l'écriture hébraïque et sont allés de gauche à droite, de sorte que tous les quatre auraient signé sur la main gauche obtenir .] Un témoin un Hébreu, un témoin un Grec; un témoin un hébreu, un témoin un grec, s'étendant de dessous l'un (get) à sous l'autre—les deux sont nuls. [Le raisonnement: nous soupçonnons que le premier témoin hébreu aurait pu signer sur la main droite obtenir, de droite à gauche, dans l'ordre de l'écriture hébraïque, et le deuxième témoin grec, sur la main gauche obtenir, dans l'ordre du grec script, de gauche à droite; et que le troisième témoin, un hébreu, a inversé l'ordre hébreu et a également commencé par la gauche, comme le grec avant lui, de sorte que lui aussi est signé sur la main gauche get; et que le dernier témoin grec, signé à sa manière habituelle, de gauche à droite, de sorte que lui aussi soit signé sur la main gauche—de sorte qu'il y ait trois témoins signés sur la main gauche, et un seul sur la droite. Ou, au contraire: que le second, témoin grec, a inversé son écriture pour se conformer à l'ordre de l'écriture hébraïque et a commencé de droite à gauche, à la manière du premier témoin hébreu; que le troisième témoin hébreu, signé à sa manière habituelle, de la droite—de sorte que tous les trois sont signés sur la main droite get; et que le deuxième témoin grec seul a signé à sa manière habituelle, à gauche get. Et puisque nous ne savons pas sur quel get trois ont été signés, et sur lequel, un seul, les deux sont nuls.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
כשני דפין שכתבן – on two pages this one on the side of the other, and two Hebrews inscribing their signatures under the first Jewish bill of divorce to under the second [Jewish bill of divorce]. The name of the first witness is under the first [Jewish bill of divorce] and the name of his father is under the second {Jewish bill of divorce], and similarly, the seonc witness underneath him. And afterwards, they went back and had two Israelites who live in the land of Greece, who signed in Greek writing , and the manner of Greek writing is that it goes from left to rightg, so that we would find the name of the witness under the second [Jewish bill of divorce] and the name of his father under the first [Jewish bill of divorce].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
Introduction
This mishnah discusses the validity of two gittin written side by side on one sheet of paper, with one set of witnesses testifying (or appearing to testify) to the validity of both of them.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
If two gittin are written [on the same sheet] side by side and the signatures of two witnesses in Hebrew [stretch] from under one to under the other and then signatures of two witnesses in Greek [stretch] from under one get to under the other, the one with which the two first signatures are read is valid. The question in this mishnah is, are the witnesses testifying to the validity of both or only of the gittin, or perhaps can we not consider them as testifying to either. Hebrew is written from right to left. Hence, if the first two witnesses signed in Hebrew, their own names will be under the get on the right side, and their father’s names under the get on the left side, since people signed “so-and-so son of so-and-so.” Since the get on the right side has the witnesses actual name it is valid. However, we cannot be sure that the Greek witnesses are testifying to either get, since there is a break between their signatures and the get itself. Hence, only the get on the right side is valid. Had the Greek witnesses signed first, the left get would have been valid, since Greek is written from left to right.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
את שהעדים הראשונים נקראים עמו כשר – if the Hebrews who affixed their signatures above, for it is the manner of Hebrew writing that it goes from the right to the left, and we find the name of the witness underneath the right-hand Jewish bill of divorce, and the name of his father underneath the left-hand Jewish bill of divorce, the right-hand [Jewish bill of divorce] is valid. But if the Greek signatures [are found] above, the left-hand [Jewish bill of divorce] is valid, for the names of the witnesses are under the left-hand [Jewish bill of divorce]. And the reason for this is that we suspect lest the latter witnesses swriched their writing to the order/manner of the first set of witnesses, for if the Hebrew [writers] were above , which they go from the right to the left and they affixed their signatures on the right-hand Jewish bill of divorce, when the two Greek [Jews] came to affix their signatures underneath theirs, they also went from the right to the left, like the order of Hebrew writing. And we found that all four of them affixed their signatures on the right-hand Jewish bill of divorce. And similarly, if the Greek [Jews] had affixed their signatures above , lest the Hebrew writers who came after them switched the order of their Hebrew writing, and went from the left to the right, so that it was found that all four of them affixed their signatures on the left-side [Jewish bill of divorce].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
If there is one signature in Hebrew and one in Greek and then another signature in Hebrew and a signature in Greek [stretching] from under one [get] to under the other, both are invalid. In this case, the signatures alternate between Hebrew and Greek. This is problematic, because the Hebrew signatures can only work for the get on the right side and the Greek signatures can only work for the get on the left side. If the first signature is in Hebrew, it counts for the right get. The next signature in Greek counts for the left get. The third signature, which is in Hebrew, is for the right get but it cannot be counted together with the first signature because the second signature interferes. Similarly, the fourth signature, which is in Greek, cannot count with the second signature, for the third interferes. Hence, neither the left nor right get is valid.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
ה"ג עד אחד עברי ועד אחד יוני, ועד אחד עברי ועד אחד יוני באים מתחת זה לתחת זה שניהם פסולין – And the reason is that we suspect lest the Hebrew [writing] witness affixed his signature on the first right-hand side Jewish bill of divorce, according to the manner of Hebrew writing, and the Greek [Jewish] second witness affixed his signature on the second left-hand side Jewish bill of divorce, according to the manner of Greek writing which begins from the left, but the third Hebrew witness, switched the Hebrew writing and also began from the left like the Greek [Jew] before him, and it was found that he too had his signature affixed on the left-side Jewish bill of divorce; but the final Greek [Jewish] witness had his signature affixed in his [normal] manner, from the left to the right, and he too had his signature affixed on the left-side Jewish bill of divorce; hence it was found that three witnesses had their signatures affixed on the left-side Jewish bill of divorce, with only one [witness] with his signature affixed on the right-side [Jewish bill of divorce]. Or the opposite, where the second Greek witness, reversed his writing to the order of Hebrew writing and began from the right to the left like the first Hebrew witness who affixed his signature, and the third Hebrew witness affixed his signature as per his manner from the right-side, and we found that three of them had affixed their signatures on the first right-side Jewish bill of divorce, but the final Greek [Jewish] witness alone affixed his signature as per his manner on the left-hand side Jewish bill of divorce. And because we do not know upon which of them three of them affixed their signatures and which of them only one of them affixed his signature, both [Jewish bills of divorce] are invalid.
