Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Édouyot 1:14

כְּלִי חֶרֶס מַצִּיל עַל הַכֹּל, כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית הִלֵּל. וּבֵית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל אֶלָּא עַל הָאֳכָלִין וְעַל הַמַּשְׁקִין וְעַל כְּלֵי חָרֶס. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית הִלֵּל, מִפְּנֵי מָה. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא טָמֵא עַל גַּב עַם הָאָרֶץ, וְאֵין כְּלִי טָמֵא חוֹצֵץ. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית הִלֵּל, וַהֲלֹא טִהַרְתֶּם אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִין שֶׁבְּתוֹכוֹ. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, כְּשֶׁטִּהַרְנוּ אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִין שֶׁבְּתוֹכוֹ, לְעַצְמוֹ טִהַרְנוּ. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁטִּהַרְתָּ אֶת הַכְּלִי, טִהַרְתָּ לְךָ וָלוֹ. חָזְרוּ בֵית הִלֵּל לְהוֹרוֹת כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית שַׁמָּאי:

Un vase en terre cuite [dont le couvercle est (complètement) attaché dessus] protège tout ce qu'il contient (de la souillure de la tente) selon Beth Hillel, [il est écrit (Nombres 19:15): "Et tout récipient ouvert dont le couvercle est pas attaché dessus est impur. " Mais si sa couverture est attachée dessus, elle et ce qu'il contient, que ce soit des vases ou de la nourriture et des boissons, est propre. Et le verset parle d'un récipient en terre cuite, il est écrit: «Et tout récipient ouvert», évoquant un récipient qui contracte le tumah par son ouverture et non par son dos (c'est-à-dire un récipient en terre cuite).] Et Beth Shammai dit: Il protège seulement les vases de nourriture et de boisson et de terre cuite (qui sont dedans), [mais pas les autres vases]. Beth Hillel leur a demandé: Pourquoi? Beth Shammai répondit: Parce qu'il (le récipient en terre cuite qui les contient) est apprivoisé par un am ha'aretz (ignorant) [Car tout ce qui se trouve avec un am ha'aretz, les récipients et la nourriture et la boisson, sont tous dans un état de tamei, parce qu'ils ne sont pas versés dans le halachoth de tumah et taharah, et pensent que ce qui est tamei est tahor], et un récipient impur n'intervient pas [c'est-à-dire qu'il ne protège pas contre le tumah, mais seul un récipient propre le fait. Un vaisseau impur ne protège pas ce qu'il contient (de l'impureté de la tente). Et les récipients d'un am ha'aretz, puisqu'ils sont dans un statut de tamei, ne protègent pas.] (À ceci,) Beth Hillel leur a demandé: Mais n'avez-vous pas gouverné "tahor" la nourriture et la boisson dedans? Beth Shammai a répondu: Lorsque nous régnions sur la nourriture et la boisson «tahor», nous l'avons fait pour lui, [le am ha'aretz lui-même. Et nous n'avons aucune crainte qu'un érudit de la Torah vienne les utiliser, car ils se séparent d'eux. Et même sans cela, toute leur nourriture est tamei. Par conséquent, en ce qui concerne la nourriture et la boisson et les vases en terre cuite, qui ne peuvent être purifiés dans un mikvé, qui étaient dans le récipient d'un am ha'aretz, dont le couvercle était (complètement) fermé—nous leur disons qu'ils sont tahors. Et nous n'avons aucune crainte qu'un érudit de la Torah leur emprunte et les utilise, car ils sont dans le statut de tamei pour eux et ne peuvent jamais être rendus tahor. Mais avec des récipients qui peuvent être immergés (dans un mikvé), nous craignons qu'un érudit de la Torah puisse leur emprunter et les utiliser sans haza'ah (asperger les eaux de purification) sur eux les troisième et septième jours, ne sachant pas qu'ils étaient devenus tamei dans une tente de morts et pensant que l'immersion (dans un mikveh) elle-même leur suffit, pour les libérer de leur tumah qu'ils avaient contractée à travers le am ha'aretz], mais quand vous (Beth Hillel) dirigiez le navire «tahor», vous l'avez fait pour vous et pour lui. [Car un érudit de la Torah pourrait en venir à l'utiliser. Par conséquent, ils (Beth Shammai) ont statué de la même manière pour tous, qu'un vaisseau qui pouvait être immergé n'est pas protégé par un revêtement scellé, ni pour un érudit de la Torah ni pour un am ha'aretz. S'ils en venaient à décréter que le vase en terre cuite d'un am ha'aretz ne "protège" jamais (même) avec un couvercle fermé, parce qu'il est dans le statut de tamei, les amei ha'aretz n'accepteraient jamais cela, pensant qu'ils sont experts (dans ces lois) et qu'ils gardent leurs vaisseaux tahor, et que leurs vaisseaux «protègent».] Et Beth Hillel se rétracta, pour régner conformément à Beth Shammai.

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

כלי חרס מציל על הכל – an earthenware utensil that is surrounded by something closely covered with a lid protects everything that is inside it when it is the tent of a dead person, and will not defile anything that is inside it, as it is written (Numbers 19:15): “And every open vessel, with no lid fastened down, shall be unclean,” but if it has a lid fastened down, it is pure and what is inside it, it does not matter whether it is utensils, or food-stuffs or drink. And the Biblical verse is speaking about an earthenware vessel, as it is written, “And every open vessel,” concerning that which defiles through its opening, and does not defile through its back.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

English Explanation of Mishnah Eduyot

A vessel of earthenware can protect everything [in it from contracting impurity], according to Beth Hillel.
But Beth Shammai says: “It protects only food and liquids and [other] vessels of earthenware.” Beth Hillel said to them: “Why?” Beth Shammai said to them: “Because it is [itself] impure with respect to an ignoramus, and no impure vessel can screen [against impurity].” Beth Hillel said to them: “And did you not pronounce pure the food and liquids inside it?” Beth Shammai said to them: “When we pronounced pure the food and liquids inside it, we pronounced them pure for him [the ignoramus] only, but when you pronounced the vessel pure you pronounced it pure for yourself and for him.”
Then Beth Hillel changed their mind and taught according to the opinion of Beth Shammai.

According to Numbers 19:15, a clay vessel that is covered with a lid prevents impurity from entering inside of it. If this vessel is found in a room with a dead body, which would normally cause everything in the room to be impure, the clay vessel and all that is inside of it does not contract the impurity. Beth Shammai and Beth Hillel argue about what types of things which may be inside the clay vessels are not impure. According to Beth Hillel any object inside the vessel is pure. Beth Shammai holds that only food, liquids and other clay vessels remain pure; non-clay vessels would be impure.
Beth Shammai explains that we can assume that the clay vessel has been touched by an ignoramus (am haaretz), a person who does not strictly know or observe the laws of ritual purity. It is assumed that the am haaretz makes the vessel impure. Since an impure vessel does not prevent the impurity from entering, the things inside of it are impure.
Beth Hillel responds to Beth Shammai by pointing out that they did indeed accept that the food and liquids inside the vessel were pure. If the clay vessel does not prevent impurity from entering, why should anything inside of it remain pure?
To this question Beth Shammai responds that when they stated that the food and liquids were pure they meant for the am haaretz himself and not for the haver (a person who scrupulously observes the laws of purity and indeed eats only pure food). Beth Shammai assumes that a haver will not borrow any of these things from an am haaretz, since they cannot be made pure (a clay vessel cannot be cleansed of its impurity). Therefore Beth Shammai can pronounce these things clean, knowing that they will never come into the hands of a haver. However, when Beth Hillel pronounced everything inside pure, they were in essence declaring it pure for both the am haaretz and the haver. Beth Hillel had implied that even metal vessels, inside the clay vessel, remained pure. A haver might borrow metal vessels from an am haaretz, with the intent of immersing them to cleanse them of their impurities. However, this immersion will only cleanse them from light impurities and not from impurity contracted from a dead body. Therefore, an am haaretz might borrow them thinking that he could cleanse them and in reality he could not. Due to this problem, Beth Hillel retracted their opinion and taught like Beth Shammai.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

אינו מציל אלא על אוכלין ומשקין ועל כלי חרס – but on other kinds of utensils, it does not protect as will be explained further on.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

מפני מה וכו' מפני שהוא טמא על גב עם הארץ – for everything that is found with the ignoramuses whether utensils, food-stuffs and liquids/drink, all are considered impure, because they are not expert in the laws of the impurity and purity and consider that which is impure to be pure.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

ואין כלי טמא חוצץ – it does not offer protection against the defilement other than only a pure utensil, but an impure utensil cannot protect on what is inside of it, and these utensils belonging to the ignoramuses are considered to be ritually impure and do not offer protection.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

לעצמו טיהרנו – to the ignoramus himself we have declared it pure, and we should not suspect that perhaps a Haver/ a member of the order for the observance of Levitical laws in daily intercourse, would come to use them, for they are separated from contact with them and without this, also, all of their food would be ritually impure; therefore, food and drink and earthenware utensils which have no purity in the Mikveh, for when they were in the midst of a vessel with a lid fastened down belong to the ignoramuses, we say to them that they are ritually pure [for them], and they can use them they are the ones who consider their utensils to be considered pure, and we don’t suspect lest a Haver will borrow one from them and use them, for they are, for him, in a status of impurity and they can never have ritual purity ever. But a vessel that only requires only rinsing in order to be restored to Levitical cleanness where there is a suspicion that a Haver will borrow it from them and immerse them [in the Mikveh] and use them without sprinkling on the third and seventh day, for he will not know that they were defiled in the tent of a dead person, and would think that a mere immersion [in the Mikveh] would be sufficient to rescue it from the ritual impurity that it sustained while with the ignoramus, and that is why it is taught in our Mishnah: “You have declared it ritually clean/pure both for the ignoramus and for you,” and a Haver would come to use it. Therefore, they made the law equivalent for all and said that a vessel that requires only rinsing in order to be restored to Levitical cleanness is saved with a lid fastened down, which does not belong either to a Haver nor to an ignoramus. And if they came to make a decree that an earthenware utensil of an ignoramus shall never be saved with a lid fastened down because it is considered ritually impure and no impure vessel can protect/save it, none of the ignoramuses would accept it from them, because they would hold that they are expert and guard their utensils in ritual purity and they can protect their utensils.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Verset précédentChapitre completVerset suivant