Comentario sobre Zevahim 4:4
הָעוֹלָה, דָּמָהּ מַתִּיר אֶת בְּשָׂרָהּ לַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְעוֹרָהּ לַכֹּהֲנִים. עוֹלַת הָעוֹף, דָּמָהּ מַתִּיר אֶת בְּשָׂרָהּ לַמִּזְבֵּחַ. חַטַּאת הָעוֹף, דָּמָהּ מַתִּיר אֶת בְּשָׂרָהּ לַכֹּהֲנִים. פָּרִים הַנִּשְׂרָפִים וּשְׂעִירִים הַנִּשְׂרָפִים, דָּמָן מַתִּיר אֶת אֵמוּרֵיהֶן לִקָּרֵב. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, כֹּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ עַל מִזְבֵּחַ הַחִיצוֹן כִּשְׁלָמִים, אֵין חַיָּבִין עָלָיו מִשּׁוּם פִּגּוּל:
[Con respecto a] el Olah [una ofrenda que se quema por completo] su sangre permite que su carne [se queme] en el altar, y su piel [se dé] a los sacerdotes. [Con respecto a] el Olah de un pájaro, su sangre permite que su carne [se queme] en el altar. [Con respecto al] Chattat de un pájaro, su sangre permite que su carne [sea entregada] a los sacerdotes. [Con respecto a los] toros que se queman y [las] cabras que se queman su sangre permite que se ofrezcan las partes designadas. El rabino Shimon dice: [La sangre de] cualquier [sacrificio] que no esté [rociado] en el altar exterior como [la de] Shelamim [una ofrenda cuyas diversas partes son consumidas por sus dueños, los Kohanim y el fuego sobre el altar ] no puede hacer que uno sea responsable ante Piggul .
Bartenura on Mishnah Zevachim
העולה דמה מתיר את בשרה למזבח – as it is written (Leviticus 1:6): “dashing the blood [against all sides of the altar which is at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting],” and afterwards (Leviticus 1:8): “[And Aaron’s sons, the priests] shall lay out the sections.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zevachim
Introduction
This mishnah discusses what permits the parts of various sacrifices to be burned or eaten. The importance of this is that if one has an improper intent while performing an action with the blood that permits this sacrifice to be eaten or burned, then the sacrifice is piggul and one who eats it is liable for karet (if the improper intent was to eat or burn it after the time in which it must be eaten or burned).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zevachim
ואת עורה לכהנים – as it is written (Leviticus 7:8): “[So, too, the priest who offers a man’s burnt offering shall keep] the skin of the burnt offering that he offered,” it is not other than after the tossing/sprinkling [of the blood].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zevachim
[The sprinkling of] the blood of the olah permits its flesh for [burning on] the altar, and its skin to the priests. Once the blood of the olah sacrifice has been sprinkled on the altar, its flesh can be burned on the altar and the skin goes to the priests. Thus, if one has an improper intent while sprinkling the blood, the olah is piggul.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zevachim
חטאת העוף – which is eaten by the Kohanim. We derive it from what is written (Leviticus 16:16): “whatever their sins,” to conclude the sin-offering of fowl so that you would not say that it died on its own.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zevachim
[The sprinkling of] the blood of the olah of a bird permits its flesh to the altar. The same holds true for the bird olah, except that in this case the skin is also burned (what would the priests do with the skin of a dove?).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zevachim
פרים הנשרפים – the bull of the anointed priest and the bull for an unwitting communal sin [as a result of an errant Halakhic decision handed down by the Great Sanhedrin] (Talmud Tractate Horayot 2a and Chapter 1, Mishnah 5) and the bull of Yom Kippur.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zevachim
[The sprinkling of] the blood of the hatat of a bird permits its flesh to the priests. A hatat bird can be eaten by the priests, once its blood has been sprinkled.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zevachim
ושעירים הנשרפים – the goat of Yom Kippur and the goats of the idolaters. All of these require the blood being sprinkled inside, and their portions of the offerings consumed upon the altar offered on the altar of the burnt-offering and the rest of the meat is burned in the place of the ashes [outside of Jerusalem where the ashes from the altar were deposited; the Yom Kippur goat and other public sin-offerings that were not eaten were burned there], But since their blood permits their portions of the offerings consumed upon the altar to be offered up, if he had an inappropriate intention with them, and ate the portions of the offerings that were to be consumed upon the altar, he is liable for them because it was an offering disqualified by improper intention.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Zevachim
[The sprinkling of] the blood of the bullocks that are burned and the goats that are burned permits their innards to be offered [on the altar]. Rabbi Shimon said: whatever is not [sprinkled] on the outer altar, as in the case of shelamim, one is not liable for it on account of piggul. There are three types of bullocks referred to here: 1) The bullock offered on Yom Kippur; 2) the bullock offered by a high priest for issuing a mistaken instruction; 3) the bullock offered by the court that makes a mistaken instruction. There are two types of goats that are referred to here: 1) The goat offered on Yom Kippur; 2) The goat offered by a court for making a mistaken instruction concerning a law related to idol worship. In all of these cases the blood is sprinkled on the inner altar, their flesh is burned and their innards are burned on the altar. Therefore, if one has an improper intent while sprinkling the blood, the flesh is piggul. Rabbi Shimon disagrees and holds that in these cases, since the blood is not sprinkled on the outer altar, as is the case in shelamim concerning which the laws concerning piggul were written (Leviticus 7:18), the laws of piggul don’t apply. So in this case, even if he has an improper thought, the flesh is not piggul.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Zevachim
כל שאינו על מזבח החיצון כשלמים – an offering disqualified by improper intention, with regard to peace-offerings it is written. Just as peace-offerings are unique in that the blood is given on the outer altar, so also anything where their blood is given on the outer altar, to exclude the bulls that are burned and the goats that are burned where their blood requires sprinkling/tossing and the giving of their blood inside. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon.
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