Uno no debe convertir las fechas en miel, las manzanas en vino, las uvas de invierno en vinagre, o cambiar cualquier otro tipo de fruta de su estado natural en [un caso donde estén] Terumah o Ma'aser Sheni [segundo diezmo, que debe comerse en Jerusalén], excepto las aceitunas y las uvas solas. Uno no recibe cuarenta latigazos a causa de Orlah [frutos en los primeros tres años después de su siembra, que no se pueden comer], excepto lo que sale de las aceitunas y de las uvas. Uno no puede traer líquidos como Bikurim [primicias que se deben dar al sacerdote], a excepción de lo que sale de las aceitunas y de las uvas. Y el [jugo de fruta] no es susceptible a la impureza como líquidos, excepto por lo que sale de las aceitunas y de las uvas. Y [el jugo de fruta] no se puede ofrecer en el altar, excepto lo que sale de las aceitunas y de las uvas.
Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
אין עושים תמרים דבש – if hey are of heave-offering/Terumah or of Second Tithe, for the daes are food and the honey is liquid, and we don’t restore the food to liquid.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
Introduction
Our mishnah teaches several key halakhic differences between wine and oil, and the products that come from other fruits, such as dates and apples.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
אלא בזיתים וענבים בלבד – for in the Torah, it explicitly said about them (Numbers 18:12): “All the best of the new oil, wine and grain –[the choice parts that they present to the LORD – I give to you].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
One must not make dates into honey, apples into wine, winter-grapes into vinegar, or change any other kind of fruit that is terumah or second tithe from their natural state, except olives and grapes. As we learned in yesterday’s mishnah, it is forbidden to change the state of fruit which is terumah or second tithe, with the exception of grapes and olives, which can be made into wine and oil. Terumah and second tithe are called “holy” and changing them into juice was considered a reduction in their value. Hence it was prohibited. Wine and oil do not reduce the value of grapes and olives, hence it was permitted.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
אין סופגים את הארבעים משום ערלה – fruit of the first three years (i.e., Orlah), that have been squeezed out/pressed and removed from them the liquid, a person who drinks that liquid is not flogged from the Torah other than for olives and grapes alone.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
One does not receive forty lashes on account of orlah except with that which comes from olives and grapes. It is forbidden to eat the fruit of a tree for the first three years of its existence, and one who does so has transgressed a negative commandment. However, this only refers to eating the fruit. When it comes to drinking liquids that are derived from the fruit, he is only liable to receive forty lashes (the penalty for the transgression of a negative commandment) if he drinks wine or olive oil. While other juices derived from orlah are prohibited, one who drinks them has not transgressed the biblical prohibition of orlah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
ואין מביאים בכורים משקין – as it is written (Deuteronomy 26:2): “[you shall take] some of every first fruit of the soil,” fruit you bring but you do not bring drink.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
Liquids cannot be brought as first fruits, except with that which comes from olives and grapes. Only wine and olive oil can be brought as first fruits in place of grapes and olives. When it comes to other fruits, the fruit itself must be brought, and not the juice.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
אלא היוצא מן הזיתים ומן הענבים - - for he learned [the laws of] First Fruit from heave-offering/Terumah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
And no fruit juice is susceptible to uncleanness as liquids except with that which comes from olives and grapes. This was taught above at the end of mishnah two the only liquids derived from fruit that make food susceptible to impurities are wine and oil. Other fruit juices do not.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
ואין מקריבין על גבי המזבח – other than oil for the meal offerings and wine for the libations.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
And nothing [that is derived from fruit] can be offered on the altar except with that which comes from olives and grapes. The only two “fruit-derivatives” that can be offered on the altar in the Temple are wine and oil, which were a regular part of the Temple service, oil accompanying grain offerings and wine for libations. Other fruit juices are never offered in the Temple.
