Las bendiciones y maldiciones: ¿Cómo es eso? Una vez que Israel cruzó el Jordán y llegó al monte. Gerizim y el monte. Ebal que está en Samaria, al lado de Siquem, que está al lado de los terebinths de Moreh, como se dice, "¿No están al otro lado del Jordán, [más allá del camino oeste que está en la tierra de los cananeos que habitan en el Arabah—cerca de Gilgal, por los terebinths de Moreh] (Deut. 11:30), y en otra parte dice: "Y Abram pasó por la tierra hasta el lugar de Siquem hasta el terebinth de Moreh" (Génesis 12: 6)—así como el terebinth de Moreh mencionado en este último verso es Siquem, así el terebinth de Moreh mencionado en el verso anterior es Siquem. Porque allí seis tribus subieron al monte. Gerizim y seis tribus subieron al monte. Ebal, y los sacerdotes y levitas con el arca estaban parados abajo en el medio, los sacerdotes que rodeaban el arca, los levitas [que rodeaban] a los sacerdotes, y todo Israel de este lado y de ese lado, como se dice: "Y todo Israel, con sus mayores, funcionarios y jueces se pararon a ambos lados del arca, frente a los sacerdotes levíticos ”(Josué 8:33). Volvieron la cara hacia el monte. Gerizim y abrió con la bendición: Bendito sea cualquiera que no haga una imagen grabada o fundida ”. Y estos y estos responden amén. Luego volvieron la cara hacia el monte. Ebal y abrió con la maldición: "Maldito sea cualquiera que haga una imagen tallada o fundida" (Deut. 27:15). Y estos y estos responden amén. Hasta que completen las bendiciones y maldiciones. Después de eso trajeron las piedras, construyeron el altar y lo enyesaron con yeso, e inscribieron sobre él todas las palabras de la Torá en setenta idiomas, como se dice, "más claramente (sea'er hetev). Luego tomaron las piedras y fueron y pasaron la noche en su lugar.
Bartenura on Mishnah Sotah
שבשומרון – near Shomron–Samaria.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sotah
Introduction
This mishnah is an explanation of Deuteronomy 27 and several other biblical passages, which describe or refer to the blessings and curses which the Levites were to recite on Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Ebal. Note that this mishnah does not explain how we know that these blessings and curses had to be recited in Hebrew. This seems to be taken for granted.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sotah
מכאן ומכאן – on the mountains.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sotah
How were the blessings and curses [pronounced]? When Israel crossed the Jordan and came to Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Ebal which are by Samaria, in the vicinity of Shechem which is near the terebinths of Moreh, as it is said, “Are they not the other side of the Jordan, [beyond the west road that is in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah near Gilgal, by the terebinths of Moreh] (Deut. 11:30), and elsewhere it says, “And Abram passed through the land unto the place of Shechem unto the terebinth of Moreh” (Genesis 12:6) just as the terebinth of Moreh mentioned in this latter verse is Shechem, so the terebinth of Moreh mentioned in the former verse is Shechem. This section identifies the location of Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Ebal. Deut. 12:30 says that they are near the “terebinths of Moreh” and in Genesis 12:6 the “terebinths of Moreh” are identified as Shechem (currently an Arab city called Nablus, after the Greek Neapolis). Since the rabbis new where Shechem was but not where the “terebinths of Moreh” were, the identification with Shechem was crucial to identify the location of the two mountains.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sotah
בשבעים לשון – in the writing of seventy nations and all who wish to teach it should come to study so that there won’t be any fault-finding for the nations to state that we didn’t have from where to learn.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sotah
Six tribes went up Mt. Gerizim and six tribes went up Mt. Ebal, and the priests and Levites with the ark stood below in the middle, the priests surrounding the ark, the Levites [surrounding] the priests, and all Israel on this side and that side, as it is said, “And all Israel, with their elders, officials, and judges stood on both sides of the ark, facing the levitical priests” (Joshua 8:33). After locating the two mountains, the mishnah begins to describe the ritual of blessings and curses. As described in Deut. 27:12-13, half of the tribes went up to Mt. Gerizim and half went up to Mt. Ebal. The mishnah now harmonizes the description in Deuteronomy with that in Joshua 8:33, which seems to say that instead of going up the two mountains, the Israelites faced the two mountains. The mishnah says that all of the tribes went up and the priests, Levites and various officials remained in the middle, as is described in Joshua. The priests formed the inner circle around the ark and the Levites encircled the priests. Another problem is that according to Deut. 27:12, the tribe of Levi stood on Mt. Gerizim, whereas Joshua and Deut. 27:14 seem to place them in the middle. Some commentators resolve this by saying that only some of the Levites remained below.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sotah
את האבנים – they concealed the alter after they offered the burnt offerings and the peace offerings.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sotah
They turned their faces towards Mt. Gerizim and opened with the blessing: Blessed be anyone who does not make a graven or molten image”. And these and these respond amen. They then turned their faces towards Mt. Ebal and opened with the curse: “Cursed be anyone who makes a graven or molten image” (Deut. 27:15). And these and these respond amen. [So they continue] until they complete the blessings and curses. This section harmonizes Deuteronomy 11 with Deuteronomy 27. The earlier chapter refers to blessings recited on Mt. Gerizim and curses on Mt. Ebal. Deuteronomy 27 lists only the curses and it also seems to assume that the Levites who stand in the middle pronounce the curses and blessings. The mishnah resolves these two difficulties by saying that the curses in Deuteronomy 27 are only half of what was said. Not only were the curses recited but the opposite of each curse was also recited as a blessing. Furthermore, the blessings and curses were recited by the Levites while standing between the two mountains, but the Levites would face Mt. Gerizim when blessing and Mt. Ebal when cursing.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sotah
ולנו במקומן – in their lodgings in Gilgal, and there, they established the stones.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sotah
After that they brought the stones, built the altar and plastered it with plaster, and inscribed upon it all the words of the Torah in seventy languages, as it is said, “most distinctly (be’er. This section refers to Deuteronomy 27:4-5, 8. The mishnah reads the building of the altar as occurring after the blessings and curses and not before, as the order of the verses might be read as implicating. The stones to which the mishnah refers are the same stones that had previously been placed in the Jordan when Israel crossed the river (see Joshua 4:1-11). The most interesting element of this section is that the words “be’er hetev” which JPS translates as “most distinctly”, and could also be translated as “well-explained” are interpreted by the rabbis as meaning that the Torah was written in seventy languages. This is the amount of languages and nations which exist in the world, according to rabbinic folklore. Part of the entering into the land of Israel was that the Torah had to be made available to all of the nations of the world. Indeed, this may be reflective of the fact that in rabbinic times, the Bible was indeed translated into Greek, Aramaic and later on into Roman, the three international languages in the time of the Mishnah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sotah
Then they took the stones and went and spent the night in their place. After having set up the altar with the stones that had previously been in the Jordan, the stones are brought back to their proper place in the Gilgal. According to many commentators, they used them to make another altar there.
