Mishná
Mishná

Comentario sobre Shekalim 4:5

מוֹתַר הַקְּטֹרֶת מֶה הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין בָּהּ, מַפְרִישִׁין (מִמֶּנָּה) שְׂכַר הָאֻמָּנִין, וּמְחַלְּלִין אוֹתָהּ עַל שְׂכַר הָאֻמָּנִין, וְנוֹתְנִין אוֹתָהּ לָאֻמָּנִין בִּשְׂכָרָן, וְחוֹזְרִין וְלוֹקְחִין אוֹתָהּ מִתְּרוּמָה חֲדָשָׁה. אִם בָּא הֶחָדָשׁ בִּזְמַנּוֹ, לוֹקְחִין אוֹתָהּ מִתְּרוּמָה חֲדָשָׁה. וְאִם לָאו מִן הַיְּשָׁנָה:

El excedente del incienso [es decir, lo que queda cada año] —¿Qué se hace con él [para quemarlo (en el servicio de sacrificio) al año siguiente? Porque no hay año donde no hay excedente. Porque había 368 porciones de incienso y tres porciones de las cuales el sumo sacerdote llenaría sus manos sobre Iom Kipur. Y no todo podía estar contenido en sus manos (por lo que había un excedente). Lo que es más, había un excedente cada año regular (en oposición a un año bisiesto), habiendo 354 días en el año regular.] Se separan de él [es decir, de la lishkah], el salario de los artesanos [la especia mezcladores Ellos (los funcionarios del Templo) toman su salario (el de los artesanos) del terumah de la lishkah, hacen que uno de los tesoreros lo adquiera en nombre de los artesanos, y este (el dinero) se convierte en chullin. Y aunque hekdesh no se convierte en chullin a menos que algo se convierta en hekdesh en su lugar, el terumah de la lishkah es diferente, por lo que Beth-din está facultado para asignarlo para varios propósitos. Y después de adquirir el dinero en nombre de los artesanos], lo canjean (el incienso) por el salario de los artesanos. [El dinero se consagra así para la antigua terumah (la del año anterior)], se le (el incienso) a los artesanos como su salario, y luego se les vuelve a comprar con (el dinero de) la nueva terumah. [Este procedimiento es más "modesto" (es decir, de acuerdo con la naturaleza de Hekdesh) que simplemente venderlo y volver a comprarlo.] Si llegó en su momento, se toma del nuevo terumah. [Si los nuevos shekalim se presentaron ante Rosh Jodesh Nissan, que es el momento de la nueva terumah, el excedente del incienso se compra de la nueva terumah mediante la redención, como se explicó anteriormente.] Y si no, de la antigua. [Si el nuevo shekalim aún no se había traído, éste (el excedente del incienso) se compra al viejo terumah, si ya se había redimido. Y si aún no se había redimido, se quema (en el servicio de sacrificio), porque lo nuevo, al no haber llegado, debe usarse lo viejo.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

נותר הקטורת – that remains every year.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

Introduction This mishnah deals with the extra incense. Every day there were two incense offerings, one in the morning and one in the evening (Exodus 30:7-8). The incense for 365 days and for three extra incense offerings on Yom Kippur was prepared ahead of time. The lunar year is only 354 years, so the extra incense was to be saved up for the leap year, when they would add a month. The problem is that from the first of Nisan the incense had to be offered using the new shekels. Our mishnah describes a way in which they could save the incense for the following year and yet still pay for it with new shekels.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מה היו עושין בה – to offer as incense to God in the next year, for there is no year without surplus for the incense was made into three-hundred and sixty-eight minas for three-hundred and sixty-five minas is like the three hundred and sixty-five days of the solar [year] and three minas that from them, the High Priest would bring in his handfuls on Yom Kippur but they would not all enter with their handfuls. And furthermore, in each ordinary year, there was a surplus since an ordinary year had three-hundred and fifty-four days.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

What was done with the surplus of the incense?
They would separate from it the wages of the craftsmen, and they would exchange it for the wages of the craftsmen, and they would give it to the craftsmen as their wages, and then they would buy it back again out of a new appropriation.
This is how they would turn the incense for the previous year into incense for the following year. First they would separate an amount of incense that would be used to pay the wages of those who make the incense. Then they would redeem that incense with money set aside to pay those craftsmen. The money then would become sacred and the incense would be non-sacred. They then would give the non-sacred incense to the craftsmen as their wages and then they would buy back the incense with new shekels. The craftsmen would have their wages, and the incense was bought with new shekels. They could have done all this in a much simpler way they could simply sell the old incense and then buy it back with new money. However, the rabbis thought that the arrangement of using it for the craftsmen’s wages was more appropriate for sacred money.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מפרישין ממנה – from the chamber.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

If the new month had arrived in time they would bring it with the new appropriation, but if not, they from the old one. If the first of Nisan came on time, meaning that Adar had only twenty-nine days, then they would immediately begin to use the new appropriation to buy the incense and all of the public sacrifices. However, if Nisan did not come on time, meaning Adar had thirty days, they would bring it from the incense bought with the old shekels.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

שכר האומנין – from the pounding of the incense, they would take their payment from the chamber of the sacred donations and they would take possession of the monies for artisans through one hand from the treasurers and they are non-holy [produce], and even though what is holy does not become non-holy if they don’t bring something else in its place for holiness. The sacred donations of the chamber are different since the Jewish court makes a condition upon them to give them for several things. But after the monies were transferred for the needs of the artisans, they would redeem the incense with those monies. But the sacred monies from the old sacred donations, they would give the incense to the artisans as their payment and go back and repurchase it from them with monies of the new sacred donations. And in this way, the matter was much more discreet to not sell it and then go back and repurchase it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

אם בא חודש בזמנו – that they brought new Shekalim prior to Rosh Hodesh Nisan which is the time for the new sacred donations, they purchase the surplus of the incense from the new sacred donations through redemption as we explained above.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

ואם לאו – they had not yet brought their new Shekalim, they purchase it from the old sacred donations if they redeemed it already, and if they had not redeemed it, they offer incense for since the new [donations] had not yet come, they must bring it from the old.
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