Comentario sobre Shabbat 21:3
בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, מַגְבִּיהִין מִן הַשֻּׁלְחָן עֲצָמוֹת וּקְלִפִּין. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, נוֹטֵל אֶת הַטַּבְלָה כֻלָּהּ וּמְנַעֲרָהּ. מַעֲבִירִין מִלִּפְנֵי הַשֻּׁלְחָן פֵּרוּרִין פָּחוֹת מִכַּזַּיִת וְשֵׂעָר שֶׁל אֲפוּנִין וְשֵׂעָר שֶׁל עֲדָשִׁים, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מַאֲכַל בְּהֵמָה. סְפוֹג, אִם יֶשׁ לוֹ עוֹר בֵּית אֲחִיזָה, מְקַנְּחִין בּוֹ, וְאִם לָאו, אֵין מְקַנְּחִין בּוֹ. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים בֵּין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ, נִטָּל בְּשַׁבָּת, וְאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה:
Beth Shammai dice: Está permitido levantar huesos y conchas de la mesa (en Shabat). Beth Hillel dice: toma todo el mantel y lo sacude. [La gemara explica que no confiamos en nuestra Mishná como se dijo, sino que la invierte, a saber: "Beth Hillel dice: está permitido ... y Beth Shammai dice: Él toma todo el mantel, etc.", para ello (el mantel) tiene el estado de un artículo (móvil). Pero él no puede tomar los huesos y las conchas con las manos. Para Beth Hillel sostenga con R. Shimon; y Beth Shammai, con R. Yehudah. Sin embargo, Beth Hillel lo permite solo con huesos y conchas que son aptos para ser comidos por animales, pero no aptos para ser comidos por hombres; pero si tampoco son aptos para ser comidos por los animales, Beth Hillel está de acuerdo en que está prohibido manipularlos, ya que, en tal caso, incluso R. Shimon está de acuerdo.] Está permitido quitar las migas [incluso] menos del tamaño de una aceituna de la mesa, y cáscaras de frijoles, y cáscaras de lentejas, porque son alimento para animales. Una esponja—si tiene un mango de cuero, se puede limpiar con él; Si no, uno no puede limpiar con él. [Porque cuando lo sostiene, lo aprietan con los dedos, y es inevitable (que se exprima el agua), en cuyo caso R. Shimon reconoce (que está prohibido)]. Y los sabios dicen: En cualquier caso, [ya sea que tenga o no un asa], puede tomarse en Shabat [cuando está seco], y no adquiere suciedad, [porque no es un recipiente de madera ni tela , ni saco, ni metal].
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
One may remove from the table crumbs less than the size of an olive and the husks of beans and lentils, because they are food for animals.
A sponge, if it has a handle, one may wipe [the board] with it;
If not, one may not wipe [the board] with it.
The sages say: in either case it may be handled on Shabbat and it is not susceptible to defilement.
This mishnah deals with clearing the table at the end of a meal on Shabbat.
Section one: Bet Shammai does not hold that the bones and nutshells left over on the table after the meal are muktzeh even though they have no use. Hence one may remove them. Bet Hillel disagrees and holds that these are muktzeh. Hence, if she wishes to remove them, she must remove the board from the table (a sort of personal tray placed in front of one or several diners) and shake it off. In the Talmud they bring a source according to which these two opinions should be reversed, Bet Hillel holding the more lenient opinion and Bet Shammai the stricter one.
Section two: Animal food is not muktzeh. Since crumbs and husks of beans and lentils may be used for animal food, they are not muktzeh and it is permitted to remove them from the table on Shabbat.
Section three: This section discusses the problem of sponges. Squeezing water or liquids out of something is prohibited. Its prohibition is derived from the prohibited labor of “laundering”, since squeezing water out of clothes is part of the laundering process. One can’t use a sponge that does not have a handle because by doing so one might squeeze water from the sponge.
The sages say that whether or not it has a handle it may be carried on Shabbat because it is a vessel and all vessels may be carried on Shabbat. However, it is not the type of vessel that can receive impurity.
Some manuscripts read differently in the concluding clause. Some read, “and the sages say: in any case he may use it for wiping.” According to this version, the sages disagree with the previous opinion, according to which wiping with a sponge without a handle is forbidden. Other versions skip the words “and the sages say” and rather read the final point as a point of agreement between all. All agree that even though you can’t use the sponge to wipe things, it still may be carried.