Mishná
Mishná

Comentario sobre Sanedrín 4:2

דִּינֵי הַטֻּמְאוֹת וְהַטָּהֳרוֹת מַתְחִילִין מִן הַגָּדוֹל, דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת מַתְחִילִין מִן הַצָּד. הַכֹּל כְּשֵׁרִין לָדוּן דִּינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת וְאֵין הַכֹּל כְּשֵׁרִין לָדוּן דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת, אֶלָּא כֹהֲנִים, לְוִיִּם, וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים הַמַּשִּׂיאִין לַכְּהֻנָּה:

Los casos de impureza (ritual) y limpieza comienzan desde el superior (juez). Los casos en mayúscula comienzan desde el lado [es decir, de aquellos con menos sabiduría, que se sentaron a un lado, estando escrito (Éxodo 23: 2): "No respondas en riv (escrito" rav ") para desviarse". Es decir, no responda después del elegido en beth-din, para desviarse de sus palabras. Por esta razón, sus palabras se escuchan solo al final.] Todos son kasher para juzgar litigios monetarios, [incluso un prosélito, si su madre fuera judía. Y un mamzer también es kasher para juzgar litigios monetarios.] Pero no todos son kasher para juzgar casos capitales, sino solo Cohanim, Levitas e Israelitas que pueden casarse con el sacerdocio, [está escrito (Éxodo 18:22): "Y deja que aligeren tu carga y te lleven (Moisés)"—Deben ser como tú. Al igual que Moisés, nuestro maestro fue "pedigrí", así debe ser pedigre beth-din.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

מן הצד – from the smallest in wisdom who were sitting on the side, as Scripture states (Exodus 23:2): “…you shall not give perverse testimony/"לא תענה על-רב" in a dispute…” It is written as "רב" [even though in the fuller written version it is pronounced as "ריב" ) – meaning do not pervert testimony of the expert assessor at court to whom questions of law are referred/the distinguished instructing judge and pervert his words, therefore, we do not listen to his words other than at the conclusion [of the proceedings].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin

In non-capital cases and those concerning uncleanness and cleanness [the judges declare their opinion] beginning from the eldest, but in capital cases they begin from [them that sit at] the side.
All are qualified to try non-capital cases, but not all are qualified to try capital cases, only priests, levites and Israelites that may give [their daughters] in marriage to priests.

Mishnah two contains more information regarding the differences between capital and non-capital cases.
This mishnah contains an additional two differences between non-capital cases and capital cases. (We learned of eight differences in mishnah one.)
In all types of non-capital cases the eldest judge may state his opinion first, but in capital cases the decision stating process begins from the side of the room, where the younger members of the court would sit. This is to prevent the youngest judge from being unduly influenced by the opinion of the eldest judge.
A person of any lineage may judge non-capital cases, even mamzerim (those born of illicit unions) and even converts. However, only those who can marry their daughters to priests, meaning priests, levites and Israelites can judge capital cases. This law certainly reflects the import that the Rabbinic society ascribed to familial relations.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

הכל כשרים לדון – and even a convert [may judge monetary cases], and he whose mother is from Israel, and an illegitimate person/Mamzer is also fit to judge monetary cases.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

ואין הכל כשרים לדון דיני נפשות – As it is written (Exodus 18:22): “…Make it easier for yourself by letting them share the burden with you,” those that are similar to you. Just as Moses our teacher is of distinguished birth/legitimate descent, so to the Jewish court must be of distinguished birth/legitimate descent.
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