Asham talui (una ofrenda de culpa suspendida) [Transgresiones que, si se cometen a sabiendas, son castigadas por kareth, y, sin darse cuenta, requieren una ofrenda fija por el pecado, requieren para no saberlo un asham talui, por ejemplo, (si hubiera) dos aceitunas -tamaños, una de grasas prohibidas y una de grasas permitidas, y se comió una de ellas, pero no sabe cuál] — el individuo y los nassi son responsables, y el sacerdote ungido y beth-din están exentos, [está escrito con respecto a una ofrenda congregacional (Levítico 4:14): "Si se conoció el pecado ... entonces la congregación ofrecerá, etc. ". —requieren una ofrenda solo por conocimiento (y el sacerdote ungido es como beth-din)]. Una cierta ofrenda por la culpa [(Hay cinco ofrendas por la culpa, que se ofrecen por cierta transgresión: asham me'iloth por abuso de propiedad sagrada; asham gezeiloth por abuso de propiedad privada; asham nazir por interrumpir el período del nazaritismo; asham metzora , la ofrenda por la culpa de un leproso, asham shifchah charufah por vivir con una sirvienta comprometida con otro hombre]—el individuo y el Nassi y el sacerdote ungido son responsables; [porque todo esto pertenece al individuo, ya sea una persona simple, un sacerdote ungido o un Nassi], y beth-din están exentos [porque no tienen nada que ver con la decisión de beth-din, y no hay asham por la decisión de Bet-din.] Por "escuchar la voz", "pronunciar con los labios" y contaminar el santuario y sus cosas santas, Bet-din están exentos, y el individuo, y el Nassi y el sacerdote ungido son responsables ; pero el sacerdote ungido no es responsable de contaminar el santuario y sus cosas santas. Estas son las palabras de R. Shimon. [La justificación de R. Shimon: está escrito con respecto a la contaminación del santuario (Números 19:20): "Y un hombre, si se vuelve inmundo y no se purifica, esa alma será cortada de en medio de la congregación "—aquel cuyo pecado es equivalente al de la congregación, excluyendo al sumo sacerdote, cuyo pecado no es equivalente al de la congregación. Porque, en cuanto a la congregación, cualquiera de ellos ingresa al santuario sin darse cuenta o transgrede sin darse cuenta es responsable de la inconsciencia del acto solo, mientras que el sacerdote ungido solo es responsable del olvido de lo (prohibido) junto con la inconsciencia del acto, como se indicó anteriormente en nuestro capítulo.] Estas son las palabras de R. Shimon [La halajá no está de acuerdo con R. Shimon, pero un sumo sacerdote también trae una ofrenda de escala móvil para contaminar el santuario y sus cosas santas.] ¿Y qué ofrenda hacen? ¿traer? Una oferta de escala móvil. R. Eliezer dice: El Nassi trae un macho cabrío por profanar el santuario y sus cosas santas, porque son susceptibles de kareth por transgresión ingeniosa, así como él trae un chivo por otras mitzvoth que son susceptibles de kareth por transgresión ingeniosa . La halajá no está de acuerdo con R. Eliezer, ya que no son responsables de traer una ofrenda fija por el pecado por la contaminación involuntaria del santuario y sus cosas santas, el Nassi solo trae lo que el individuo trae.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Asham talui – Commandments for which wilful transgressions receive the punishment of “karet” and accidental transgressions must bring a sin-offering, when there is doubt whether or not there was a transgression an asham talui must be brought, i.e. two amounts, one of forbidden fat and one of permissible fat and he does not know which one he ate.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
Introduction
Mishnah six compared the sin offerings offered for unwitting transgressions that the individual, the ruler, the high priest and the court bring. Mishnah seven compares these parties with regard to the asham talui (see above 2:4), the asham vadai and the sliding scale sacrifice (see above 2:5). An asham vadai is a guilt offering. There are five different situations in which a person must bring an asham vadai: 1) for robbery (Lev 5:21-25; 2) for illegal use of sacred property (Lev 5:14-16); 3) for relations with an betrothed slave woman (Lev 19:20-22); 4) a nazir (Num 6:9-12); 5) a leper (Lev 14:10-12).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
But the anointed priest and the court are exempt – As it is written about a communal sacrifice (Leviticus 4), “when the sin wherein they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer.” There is no obligation to bring a sacrifice unless the sin is clearly known. And the law for the high priest is like that for the beit din.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
The individual and the ruler are both obligated to bring an asham talui, but the anointed priest and the court are exempt. The individual and the ruler and the anointed priest are obligated to bring an asham vadai, but the court is exempt. For the hearing of the voice [of adjuration]; for an oath made by an expression, or for impurity relating to the Temple and its holy things, the court is not obligated but the individual, the ruler and the anointed priest are obligated. Except that the anointed priest is not liable for impurity relating to the Temple and its holy things; these are the words of Rabbi Shimon. What do they bring? A sliding scale sacrifice. With regard to the asham talui, the king is like any individual Israelite. If he may (or may not) have transgressed a commandment which is punishable by kareth, he brings an asham talui. However, the high priest and the court, if they made a ruling and they do not know if they erred, do not bring an asham talui. In other words, for the court or high priest to be liable for their errant ruling, it must be certain that they did so.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Asham vadai – An asham vadai offering is required for five matters: for robbery (Leviticus 5:21-25); 2) for illegal use of sacred property (Leviticus 5:14-16); 3) for relations with a betrothed slave woman (Leviticus 19:20-22); 4) a nazir (Numbers 6:9-12); 5) a person who had tzara’at (Leviticus 14:10-12).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
Rabbi Eliezer says: the ruler brings a goat. All individuals, even a high priest, who unwittingly transgress one of the five commandments which are atoned for by an asham vadai, must bring the asham. However, if the court issues an errant ruling with regard to one of these commandments, and the people follow their errant ruling, the court does not bring an asham vadai, nor do they bring any sacrifice. They are liable to bring a bull as a sin offering only if they issue an errant ruling about a commandment punishable by kareth and atoned for by a sin offering (and not a guilt offering).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
The individual and the ruler and the anointed priest are obligated – Because each of these is the act of an individual. There is no difference between a layman, a high priest and a ruler.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Horayot
As we learned in mishnah five, if the court issues an errant ruling with regard to a commandment atoned for by a sliding scale sacrifice, they are not liable. If, however, if an individual, king or high priest were to transgress one of these commandments, he must bring a sliding scale sacrifice. The one exception is that the high priest is not obligated to bring a sliding scale sacrifice if he transgresses a commandment involving the purity of the Temple and its holy things. The mishnah now asks what type of sacrifice the king or the anointed priest brings should he transgress one of these commandments. According to the first opinion, they bring a sliding scale sacrifice, as do all regular Israelites. Rabbi Eliezer holds that the king brings a goat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
But the court is exempt – Because a beit din ruling has no bearing on these acts. And the beit din does not bring an asham offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Except that the anointed priest is not liable for impurity relating to the Temple and its holy things; these are the words of Rabbi Shimon – Rabbi Shimon’s meaning is that it is written “impurity relating to the Temple” (Numbers 19) and a person who is impure and transgresses, his soul will be cut off from the congregation. One who sins is equal to the congregation, but the high priest’s sin is not equal to the congregation. If any of the congregation accidentally transgresses by entering the Temple or transgressed accidentally, he is obligated only for the accidental transgression. The high priest is obligated only to bring a bull for an error-in-judgment (para ha’elem davar) sacrifice when he accidentally transgresses, as proven above. The law does not follow Rabbi Shimon’s opinion; rather, the high priest brings a sliding scale sacrifice even for impurity in the Temple and of its contents.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Horayot
Rabbi Eliezer says: the ruler brings a goat – For impurity in the Temple and of its contents, because wilful transgression of these is liable for “karet.” Just as the ruler brings a goat for transgression of other commandments for which the punishment is “karet.” The law does not follow Rabbi Eliezer’s opinion because there is no obligation to bring a sin-offering for accidental transgression of impurity in the Temple and the ruler brings a sacrifice in the same way as an individual.
