Mishnah
Mishnah

Oholot 2

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1

אֵלּוּ מְטַמְּאִין בְּאֹהֶל. הַמֵּת, וְכַזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת, וְכַזַּיִת נֶצֶל, וּמְלֹא תַרְוָד רָקָב, הַשִּׁדְרָה, וְהַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת, אֵבָר מִן הַמֵּת וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי שֶׁיֵּשׁ עֲלֵיהֶן בָּשָׂר כָּרָאוּי, רֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת מֵרֹב הַבִּנְיָן אוֹ מֵרֹב הַמִּנְיָן. וְרֹב בִּנְיָנוֹ וְרֹב מִנְיָנוֹ שֶׁל מֵת, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶם רֹבַע, טְמֵאִין. כַּמָּה הוּא רֹב מִנְיָנוֹ, מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה:

The following impurify through overshadowing: a corpse, an olive-sized piece of a corpse, an olive-sized piece of liquefied corpse, a ladleful of decomposed corpse, the spine, the skull, a limb from a corpse or a limb from a living person that has flesh on it as is appropriate, a <i>Rova</i> [specific unit of volume] of bones comprising the structural majority or the numerical majority, or the structural majority or numerical majority of a corpse, even without amounting to a <i>Rova</i>, impurify. How many is the numerical majority? One hundred and twenty five.

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2

רְבִיעִית דָּם, וּרְבִיעִית דַּם תְּבוּסָה מִמֵּת אֶחָד. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים. דַּם קָטָן שֶׁיָּצָא כֻלּוֹ, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, כָּל שֶׁהוּא. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, רְבִיעִית. כַּזַּיִת רִמָּה, בֵּין חַיָּה בֵּין מֵתָה, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַמֵּא כִבְשָׂרוֹ, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִים. אֵפֶר שְׂרוּפִים, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, שִׁעוּרוֹ בְרֹבַע, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִין. מְלֹא תַרְוָד וְעוֹד עֲפַר קְבָרוֹת, טָמֵא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מְטַהֵר. מְלֹא תַרְוָד רָקָב שֶׁגְּבָלוֹ בְמַיִם, אֵינוֹ חִבּוּר לְטֻמְאָה:

A <i>Revi'it</i> [specific unit of volume] of blood and a <i>Revi'it</i> of mixed blood from one corpse [impurify through overshadowing]. Rabbi Akiva says: [even] from two corpses. The blood of a child that has flowed out completely: Rabbi Akiva says any amount, the Sages say a <i>Revi'it</i>. An olive-sized portion of worms, whether alive or dead, Rabbi Eliezer considers it impure like his flesh. And the Sages consider it pure. Ashes of cremated persons: Rabbi Eliezer says the measure [to impurify] is a <i>Rova</i>. And the Sages consider it pure. A ladleful and more of grave-dust is impure. Rabbi Shimon considers it pure. A ladleful of decomposed corpse kneaded with water does not combine to become impure.

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3

אֵלּוּ מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא וְאֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין בְּאֹהֶל. עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה, וְאֶרֶץ הָעַמִּים, וּבֵית הַפְּרָס, אֵבָר מִן הַמֵּת, וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי שֶׁאֵין עֲלֵיהֶן בָּשָׂר כָּרָאוּי, הַשִּׁדְרָה וְהַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת שֶׁחָסָרוּ. כַּמָּה הוּא חֶסְרוֹן בַּשִּׁדְרָה, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, שְׁתֵּי חֻלְיוֹת. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אֲפִלּוּ חֻלְיָה אֶחָת. וּבַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, כִּמְלֹא מַקְדֵּחַ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּנָּטֵל מִן הַחַי וְיָמוּת. בְּאֵיזֶה מַקְדֵּחַ אָמְרוּ, בַּקָּטָן שֶׁל רוֹפְאִים, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, בַּגָּדוֹל שֶׁל לִשְׁכָּה:

The following impurify through touching and carrying, but not through overshadowing: bone the size of a grain of barley, [earth from] foreign lands, a <i>Beit Pras</i> [a field in which a grave has been plowed over], a limb from a corpse or a limb from a living person that do not have flesh on them as is appropriate, the spine or the skull that are deficient. How much is a deficiency in the spine? The Beit Shammai say two vertebrae. Beit Hillel say even one vertebra. And in the skull? Beit Shammai say [the size of] a hole [made] by a drill, but Beit Hillel say as much as if it were taken from a living person he would die. Of what drill did they speak? Of the small one of doctors, these are the words of Rabbi Meir. The Sages say, the large one of the Temple-chamber.

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4

הַגּוֹלֵל וְהַדּוֹפֵק מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַגָּע וּבְאֹהֶל, וְאֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַשָּׂא. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַשָּׂא. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, אִם יֵשׁ תַּחְתֵּיהֶן עֲפַר קְבָרוֹת, מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַשָּׂא. וְאִם לָאו, אֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַשָּׂא. אֵיזֶהוּ הַדּוֹפֵק, אֶת שֶׁהַגּוֹלֵל נִשְׁעָן עָלָיו. אֲבָל דּוֹפֵק דּוֹפְקִין, טָהוֹר:

The covering stone and the supporting stone of a grave impurify through touching and through overshadowing, but not through carrying. Rabbi Eliezer says, they do impurify through carrying. Rabbi Yehoshua says, if there is grave-dust under them, they impurify through carriage, but if not, they do not impurify through carrying. What is the supporting stone? It is that upon which the covering stone is buttressed. The stone that buttresses the supporting stone, however, is pure.

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5

אֵלּוּ שֶׁאִם חָסְרוּ טְהוֹרִין. כַּזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת, וְכַזַּיִת נֶצֶל, וּמְלֹא תַרְוָד רָקָב, וּרְבִיעִית דָּם, וְעֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה, וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי שֶׁחָסַר עַצְמוֹ:

These are pure if they are deficient: an olive-sized portion of a corpse, an olive-sized portion of liquefied corpse, a ladleful of decomposed corpse, a <i>Revi'it</i> of blood, bone of the size of a grain of barley, and a limb off a living person which has a bone that is deficient.

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6

הַשִּׁדְרָה וְהַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים, וּרְבִיעִית דָּם מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים, וְרֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים, וְאֵבָר מִן הַמֵּת מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים, וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי מִשְּׁנֵי אֲנָשִׁים, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְטַמֵּא, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִין:

[With regards to] the spine or the skull of two corpses or a <i>Revi'it</i> of blood from two corpses, or a <i>Rova</i> of bones from two corpses, or limbs from two corpses, or limbs from two living people, Rabbi Akiva declares [that these make others] impure, and the Sages declares it [keeps them] pure.

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7

עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה שֶׁנֶּחֱלַק לִשְׁנַיִם, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְטַמֵּא, וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי מְטַהֵר. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי, לֹא אָמְרוּ עֲצָמוֹת כַּשְּׂעֹרָה, אֶלָּא עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה. רֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת שֶׁנִּדַּקְדְּקוּ וְאֵין בְּכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִין. אֵבָר מִן הַחַי שֶׁנֶּחֱלַק לִשְׁנַיִם, טָהוֹר. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי מְטַמֵּא. וּמוֹדֶה שֶׁאִם נִטַּל חֲצָאִים שֶׁהוּא טָהוֹר:

A bone the size of a grain of barley that is divided into two: Rabbi Akiva declares it [makes others] impure, but Rabbi Yochanan ben Nuri declares it [does not change them from being] pure. Rabbi Yochanan ben Nuri says: they did not say "bones" the size of a grain of barley, but "bone" the size of a grain of barley. A <i>Rova</i> of bones that were crushed into small pieces, and there is not a single one of them that is the size of a grain of barley: Rabbi Shimon declares it [does not change others from being] pure, but the Sages declare them impure. A limb [severed] from a living person that was divided into two [does not change others from being] pure. Rabbi Yose declares it [makes them] impure; but he agrees that if it was taken by halves that it [does not change others from being] pure.

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