Oholot 3

כָּל הַמְטַמְּאִין בְּאֹהֶל שֶׁנֶּחְלְקוּ וְהִכְנִיסָן לְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, רַבִּי דוֹסָא בֶן הַרְכִּינַס מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִים. כֵּיצַד. הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכִשְׁנֵי חֲצָיֵי זֵיתִים מִן הַנְּבֵלָה אוֹ נוֹשְׂאָן. וּבַמֵּת, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכַחֲצִי זַיִת וּמַאֲהִיל עַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת, אוֹ נוֹגֵע בְּכַחֲצִי זַיִת וְכַחֲצִי זַיִת מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו, מַאֲהִיל עַל כִּשְׁנֵי חֲצָיֵי זֵיתִים, מַאֲהִיל עַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת וְכַחֲצִי זַיִת מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו, רַבִּי דוֹסָא בֶן הַרְכִּינַס מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִין. אֲבָל הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכַחֲצִי זַיִת וְדָבָר אַחֵר מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו וְעַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת, אוֹ מַאֲהִיל עַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת וְדָבָר אַחֵר מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו וְעַל כַּחֲצִי זַיִת, טָהוֹר. אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר, אַף בָּזֶה רַבִּי דוֹסָא בֶן הַרְכִּינַס מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִין. הַכֹּל טָמֵא, חוּץ מִן הַמַּגָּע עִם הַמַּשָּׂא, וְהַמַּשָּׂא עִם הָאֹהֶל. זֶה הַכְּלָל, כֹּל שֶׁהוּא מִשֵּׁם אֶחָד, טָמֵא. מִשְּׁנֵי שֵׁמוֹת, טָהוֹר:

All objects that impurify through sharing a tent that were divided and then brought into a house: Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas declares [the objects inside the house] pure. But the Sages declare [them] impure. How so? One who touches two [pieces the size of] half an olive of carrion, or carries them, or, in the case of a corpse, one who touches [a piece the size of] half an olive and overshadows [a piece the size of] half an olive, or if he touches [a piece the size of] half an olive and [a piece the size of] half an olive overshadows him, or if he overshadows two [pieces the size of] half an olive, or if he overshadows [a piece the size of] half an olive and another [piece the size of] half an olive overshadows him: Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas declares him pure, and the Sages declare him impure. But if he touches a piece the size of] half an olive and another object overshadows him and a [piece the size of] half an olive, or if he overshadows [a piece the size of] half an olive and another object overshadows him and a [piece the size of] half an olive, he is pure. Rabbi Meir says: Even in this matter Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas declares him pure and the Sages declare him impure. Every case is impure except touching combined with carrying or carrying combined with overshadowing. This is the general principle: every object [whose defilement] comes from one type is impure, from two types is pure.

מְלֹא תַרְוָד רָקָב שֶׁנִּתְפַּזֵּר בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מְטַהֵר. רְבִיעִית דָּם שֶׁנִּבְלְעָה בְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. נִבְלְעָה בִכְסוּת, אִם מִתְכַּבֶּסֶת וְיוֹצֵא מִמֶּנָּה רְבִיעִית דָּם, טְמֵאָה. וְאִם לָאו, טְהוֹרָה, שֶׁכֹּל הַבָּלוּעַ שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לָצֵאת, טָהוֹר:

A ladleful of decomposed corpse that was scattered about in a house, the house is impure. But Rabbi Shimon declares it pure. A <i>Revi'it</i> [specific unit of volume] of blood that was absorbed in [the floor] of a house, the house is pure. If it was absorbed in a garment: if the garment is washed and a <i>Revi'it</i> of blood comes out of it, it is impure, if not, it is pure, since anything absorbed that cannot come out is pure.

נִשְׁפַּךְ בָּאֲוִיר, אִם הָיָה מְקוֹמוֹ קְטַפְרֵס וְהֶאֱהִיל עַל מִקְצָתוֹ, טָהוֹר. הָיָה אַשְׁבֹּרֶן, אוֹ שֶׁקָּרַשׁ, טָמֵא. נִשְׁפַּךְ עַל הָאַסְקֻפָּה וְהִיא קְטַפְרֵס, בֵּין מִבִּפְנִים בֵּין מִבַּחוּץ, וְהַבַּיִת מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו, טָהוֹר. הָיָה אַשְׁבֹּרֶן אוֹ שֶׁקָּרַשׁ, טָמֵא. כֹּל שֶׁבַּמֵּת, טָמֵא, חוּץ מִן הַשִּׁנַּיִם וְהַשֵּׂעָר וְהַצִּפֹּרֶן. וּבִשְׁעַת חִבּוּרוֹ, הַכֹּל טָמֵא:

[Blood] that was poured out in the open air: If the place it fell on was a slope and [a person or vessel] overshadowed part of it, he is pure. If it was a cavity, or if it congealed, he is impure. If it was poured out on a threshold, and it was sloped either inwards or outwards and the house overshadowed it, [the contents of the house] are pure. If it was a cavity, or if it congealed, [the contents of the house] are impure. Every thing that is part of a corpse is impure except the teeth, hair and nails. And when they are connected [to the corpse], everything is impure.

כֵּיצַד. הַמֵּת מִבַּחוּץ וּשְׂעָרוֹ בִפְנִים, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. עֶצֶם שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָלָיו כַּזַּיִת בָּשָׂר, הִכְנִיס מִקְצָתוֹ מִבִּפְנִים וְהַבַּיִת מַאֲהִיל עָלָיו, טָמֵא. שְׁנֵי עֲצָמוֹת וַעֲלֵיהֶן כִּשְׁנֵי חֲצָאֵי זֵיתִים בָּשָׂר, הִכְנִיס מִקְצָתָם מִבִּפְנִים וְהַבַּיִת מַאֲהִיל עֲלֵיהֶם, טָמֵא. הָיוּ תְחוּבִים בִּידֵי אָדָם, טָהוֹר, שֶׁאֵין חִבּוּרֵי אָדָם חִבּוּר:

How so? If the dead body is outside and its hair is inside, the house is impure. A bone that has an olive's volume of flesh on it, if he brought part of it inside and the house overshadows it, [the house] is impure. Two bones that have two half-olive volumes on them and he brought part of them inside and the house overshadows them, it is impure. If they were stuck together by human work it is pure because the connection of a person does not count as a connection.

אֵיזֶהוּ דַם תְּבוּסָה. הַמֵּת שֶׁיָּצָא מִמֶּנּוּ שְׁמִינִית בְּחַיָּיו וּשְׁמִינִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, רְבִיעִית בְּחַיָּיו וּרְבִיעִית בְּמוֹתוֹ, נִטַּל מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה רְבִיעִית. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, זֶה וָזֶה כַמָּיִם. אֵיזֶהוּ דַם תְּבוּסָה. צָלוּב שֶׁדָּמוֹ שׁוֹתֵת וְנִמְצָא תַחְתָּיו רְבִיעִית דָּם, טָמֵא. אֲבָל הַמֵּת שֶׁדָּמוֹ מְנַטֵּף וְנִמְצָא תַחְתָּיו רְבִיעִית דָּם, טָהוֹר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, לֹא כִי, אֶלָּא הַשּׁוֹתֵת, טָהוֹר. וְהַמְנַטֵּף, טָמֵא:

What is mixed blood? The blood of a corpse of which a <i>Sheminit</i> [specific unit of volume] came out during his lifetime and a <i>Sheminit</i> after his death, the words of Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Yishmael says: a <i>Revi'it</i> during his lifetime and a <i>Revi'it</i> after his death, he took a <i>Revi'it</i> from this and from that. Rabbi Elazar bar Judah says: both this and that are as water. What then is mixed blood? A crucified person whose blood is pouring out and under him there is found a <i>Revi'it</i> of blood—it is impure. But a corpse whose blood drips out and under him there is found a <i>Revi'it</i> of blood, [the blood] is pure. Rabbi Judah says: This is not so, but that which pours out is pure and that which drips out is impure.

כַּזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת, פִּתְחוֹ בְטֶפַח, וְהַמֵּת, פִּתְחוֹ בְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים, לְהַצִּיל הַטֻּמְאָה עַל הַפְּתָחִים. אֲבָל לְהוֹצִיא הַטֻּמְאָה, בְּפוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח. גָּדוֹל מִכַּזַּיִת, כַּמֵּת. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, הַשִּׁדְרָה וְהַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת, כַּמֵּת:

An olive-sized piece of a corpse, an opening [in the room in which it is found] of one handbreadth, and for a corpse, an opening of four handbreadths [is enough] to save the impurity from [spreading to the other] openings; But for the impurity to go out, a handbreadth's space [is enough]. Greater than the bulk of an olive is [considered] like a corpse. Rabbi Yose says: the spine and the skull are [considered] like a corpse.

טֶפַח עַל טֶפַח עַל רוּם טֶפַח, מְרֻבָּע, מֵבִיא אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה, וְחוֹצֵץ בִּפְנֵי הַטֻּמְאָה. כֵּיצַד. בִּיב שֶׁהוּא קָמוּר תַּחַת הַבַּיִת, יֶשׁ בּוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְיֵשׁ בִּיצִיאָתוֹ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טָהוֹר, שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַטֻּמְאָה לָצֵאת וְאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לְהִכָּנֵס. יֶשׁ בּוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְאֵין בִּיצִיאָתוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, הַטֻּמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טָהוֹר, שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַטֻּמְאָה לָצֵאת וְאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ לְהִכָּנֵס. אֵין בּוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְאֵין בִּיצִיאָתוֹ פוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח, טֻמְאָה בְתוֹכוֹ, הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. טֻמְאָה בַבַּיִת, מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ טָמֵא. אֶחָד חוֹר שֶׁחֲרָרוּהוּ מַיִם אוֹ שְׁרָצִים, אוֹ שֶׁאֲכָלַתּוּ מַלַּחַת, וְכֵן מִרְבָּךְ שֶׁל אֲבָנִים, וְכֵן סְוָאר שֶׁל קוֹרוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, כָּל אֹהֶל שֶׁאֵינוֹ עָשׂוּי בִּידֵי אָדָם, אֵינוֹ אֹהֶל. וּמוֹדֶה בִשְׁקִיפִים וּבִסְלָעִים:

[Something that is] one handbreadth by one handbreadth and one handbreadth high [and] square conveys impurity and blocks impurity. How so? A drain that is covered beneath a house, if it has in it a handbreadth's space and it has in its outlet a handbreadth's space: If there is impurity inside it, the house remains pure; If there is impurity in the house, that which is inside it [the drain] is pure, for the manner of impurity is to go out and its manner is not to go in. If it has in it a handbreadth's space and it does not have in its outlet a handbreadth's space: if there is impurity inside it, the house is impure; if there is impurity in the house, that which is within it is pure, for the manner of impurity is to go out and its manner is not to go in. If it does not have in it a handbreadth's space and it does not have in its outlet a handbreadth's space: if there is impurity inside it, the house is impure; if there is impurity in the house, that which is within it is impure. [These rules apply to] both a hole carved out by water or by creepy crawly things, or if it had been eaten out by salt. And similarly a row of stones or a pile of beams. Rabbi Judah says: any "tent" not made by a person is not considered a "tent." But he agrees that clefts and crags [are considered as ‘tents’].