Makhshirin 6

הַמַּעֲלֶה פֵרוֹתָיו לַגַּג מִפְּנֵי הַכְּנִימָה, וְיָרַד עֲלֵיהֶם טַל, אֵינָם בְּכִי יֻתַּן. אִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לְכָךְ, הֲרֵי זֶה בְכִי יֻתַּן. הֶעֱלָן חֵרֵשׁ, שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחִשַּׁב שֶׁיֵּרֵד עֲלֵיהֶן הַטַּל, אֵינָן בְּכִי יֻתַּן, שֶׁיֶּשׁ לָהֶן מַעֲשֶׂה וְאֵין לָהֶן מַחֲשָׁבָה:

[If] one takes his fruit up to the roof because of the worms, and dew falls on them that does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. If he intended that [to happen] it does achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. [If] a deaf-mute, [or] an imbecile, or a minor took them up they [the fruit] do not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i> even if he hoped that dew would fall on them, because they can act but they have no intention.

הַמַּעֲלֶה אֶת הָאֲגֻדּוֹת וְאֶת הַקְּצִיעוֹת וְאֶת הַשּׁוּם לַגַּג בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁיַּמְתִּינוּ, אֵינָן בְּכִי יֻתַּן. כָּל הָאֲגֻדּוֹת שֶׁל בֵּית הַשְּׁוָקִים, טְמֵאִין. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְטַהֵר בַּלַּחִים. אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר, וְכִי מִפְּנֵי מָה טִמְּאוּ, אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי מַשְׁקֵה הַפֶּה. כָּל הַקְּמָחִין וְהַסְּלָתוֹת שֶׁל בֵּית הַשְּׁוָקִים, טְמֵאִים. הַחִילְקָה, הַטְּרָגִיס וְהַטִּסְגִי, טְמֵאִים בְּכָל מָקוֹם:

[If] one brought up bundles [of vegetables] or prepared figs, or garlic to the roof for them to get damp that does not achieve <i>BeKhi Yutan</i>. All the bundles [of vegetables] in the market are impure. Rabbi Yehudah deems fresh [vegetables] pure. Rabbi Meir said: Why did they deem them impure? Is it not because of the moisture from the mouth? All [types of] flour and fine flour in the market are impure. Grains of wheat split into two pieces, into three pieces, and into four pieces are impure in all places.

כָּל הַבֵּיצִים בְּחֶזְקַת טָהֳרָה, חוּץ מִשֶּׁל מוֹכְרֵי מַשְׁקֶה. וְאִם הָיוּ מוֹכְרִין עִמָּהֶן פֵּרוֹת יְבֵשִׁים, טְהוֹרוֹת. כָּל הַדָּגִים בְּחֶזְקַת טֻמְאָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, חֲתִיכַת אִלְתִּית וְדָג הַמִּצְרִי הַבָּא בְקֻפָּה וְקוּלְיָס הָאִסְפָּנִין, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ בְחֶזְקַת טָהֳרָה. כָּל הַצִּיר בְּחֶזְקַת טֻמְאָה. וְעַל כֻּלָּם, עַם הָאָרֶץ נֶאֱמָן לוֹמַר טְהוֹרִים הֵן, חוּץ מִשֶּׁל דָּגָה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן מַפְקִידִין אוֹתָהּ אֵצֶל עַם הָאָרֶץ. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר, צִיר טָהוֹר שֶׁנָּפַל לְתוֹכוֹ מַיִם כָּל שֶׁהֵן, טָמֵא:

All eggs have the presumption of purity except for those of liquid merchants, but they [the eggs] are pure if they sold dry fruit with them. All fish have the presumption of impurity. Rabbi Yehudah says: A piece of <i>Iltit</i> [fish] and Egyptian fish that comes in a basket, and Spanish <i>Kulyas</i> [fish] have the presumption of purity. All brine has the presumption of impurity. And regarding all of them an <i>Am Ha'aretz</i> [one who is lax in observing tithes and purity laws] is believed to say they are pure, except for fish because they [fish] are entrusted to an <i>Am Ha'aretz</i>. Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya'akov says: [If] any trace amount of water fell into pure brine it [the latter] is impure.

שִׁבְעָה מַשְׁקִין הֵן. הַטַּל וְהַמַּיִם, הַיַּיִן וְהַשֶּׁמֶן, וְהַדָּם, וְהֶחָלָב, וּדְבַשׁ דְּבוֹרִים. דְּבַשׁ צְרָעִים, טָהוֹר, וּמֻתָּר בַּאֲכִילָה:

The seven liquids [that make food susceptible to impurity] are: Dew, and water, wine, and oil, and blood, and milk, and bee honey. Hornet honey is pure [does not make food susceptible to impurity] and one may eat it.

תּוֹלָדוֹת לַמַּיִם, הַיּוֹצְאִין מִן הָעַיִן, מִן הָאֹזֶן, מִן הַחֹטֶם, מִן הַפֶּה, מֵי רַגְלַיִם, בֵּין גְּדוֹלִים בֵּין קְטַנִּים, לְדַעְתּוֹ וְשֶׁלֹּא לְדַעְתּוֹ. תּוֹלָדוֹת לַדָּם, דַּם שְׁחִיטָה. בַּבְּהֵמָה וּבַחַיָּה וּבָעוֹפוֹת הַטְּהוֹרִים, וְדַם הַקָּזָה לִשְׁתִיָּה. מֵי חָלָב, כֶּחָלָב. וְהַמֹּחַל, כַּשֶּׁמֶן, שֶׁאֵין הַמֹּחַל יוֹצֵא מִידֵי שֶׁמֶן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין עִמּוֹ שָׁמֶן. דַּם הַשֶּׁרֶץ, כִּבְשָׂרוֹ, מְטַמֵּא וְאֵינוֹ מַכְשִׁיר, וְאֵין לָנוּ כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ:

Derivatives of water [which share its law are]: What comes out of the eye, [or] from the ear, [or] from the nose, [or] from the mouth, urine of an adult or a child. [This is so] whether [the substance came out] with his knowledge or without his knowledge. Derivatives of blood [are]: The blood [emerging from] slaughter of a kosher domestic animal, a kosher wild animal, or kosher birds, and blood of bloodletting for drinking. Whey of milk is like milk, and [olive] sap is like oil because the sap includes oil, these are the words of Rabbi Shimon. Rabbi Meir says: Even if it has no oil with it. The blood of a <i>Sheretz</i> [creeping animal] is like its flesh - it imparts impurity but it does not make [food] susceptible to impurity. And there is nothing else like it.

אֵלּוּ מְטַמְּאִין וּמַכְשִׁירִין. זוֹבוֹ שֶׁל זָב, וְרֻקּוֹ, וְשִׁכְבַת זַרְעוֹ, וּמֵימֵי רַגְלָיו, וּרְבִיעִית מִן הַמֵּת, וְדַם הַנִּדָּה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, שִׁכְבַת זֶרַע אֵינָהּ מַכְשֶׁרֶת. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה אוֹמֵר, דַּם הַנִּדָּה אֵינוֹ מַכְשִׁיר. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, דַּם הַמֵּת אֵינוֹ מַכְשִׁיר. וְאִם נָפַל עַל הַדְּלַעַת, גּוֹרְדָהּ וְהִיא טְהוֹרָה:

The following impart impurity and make [food] susceptible to impurity: The flow of the <i>Zav</i> [a man suffering from gonorrhea], and his spit, and his semen, and his urine, and a <i>Revi'it</i> [a specific unit of volume] of a corpse, and the blood of a <i>Niddah</i> [a woman who has menstruated and is thereby impure]. Rabbi Eliezer says: Semen does not make [food] susceptible to impurity. Rabbi Elazar ben Azaryah says: The blood of a <i>Niddah</i> does not make [food] susceptible to impurity. Rabbi Shimon says: The blood of a corpse does not make [food] susceptible to impurity and if it fell on a gourd, one may scrape it off and it is pure.

אֵלּוּ לֹא מְטַמְּאִין וְלֹא מַכְשִׁירִין. הַזֵּעָה, וְהַלֵּחָה סְרוּחָה, וְהָרְאִי, וְהַדָּם הַיּוֹצֵא עִמָּהֶם, וּמַשְׁקֵה בֶן שְׁמֹנָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, חוּץ מִדָּמוֹ. וְהַשּׁוֹתֶה מֵי טְבֶרְיָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיּוֹצְאִין נְקִיִּים. דַּם שְׁחִיטָה בַּבְּהֵמָה, בַּחַיָּה וּבָעוֹפוֹת הַטְּמֵאִים, וְדַם הַקָּזָה לִרְפוּאָה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַמֵּא בָאֵלּוּ. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר, חֲלֵב הַזָּכָר, טָהוֹר:

The following do not impart impurity and do not make [food] susceptible to impurity: Sweat, and pus, and excrement, and blood that comes out with these, and liquid [that comes out of a baby born in its] eighth [month]. Rabbi Yose says: Except for his blood. And [if] one drinks water from Tiberias even though it comes out clean. The blood [emerging from] slaughter of a non-kosher domestic animal, a non-kosher wild animal, or non-kosher birds, and blood of bloodletting for healing. Rabbi Elazar deems these impure. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: The milk of a male is pure.

חֲלֵב הָאִשָּׁה מְטַמֵּא לְרָצוֹן וְשֶׁלֹּא לְרָצוֹן, וַחֲלֵב הַבְּהֵמָה אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא אֶלָּא לְרָצוֹן. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, קַל וָחֹמֶר הַדְּבָרִים. מָה אִם חֲלֵב הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְיֻחָד אֶלָּא לִקְטַנִּים, מְטַמֵּא לְרָצוֹן וְשֶׁלֹּא לְרָצוֹן, חֲלֵב הַבְּהֵמָה שֶׁהוּא מְיֻחָד לִקְטַנִּים וְלִגְדוֹלִים, אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁיְּטַמֵּא לְרָצוֹן וְשֶׁלֹּא לְרָצוֹן. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, לֹא, אִם טִמֵּא חֲלֵב הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁלֹּא לְרָצוֹן, שֶׁדַּם מַגֵּפָתָהּ טָמֵא, יְטַמֵּא חֲלֵב הַבְּהֵמָה שֶׁלֹּא לְרָצוֹן, שֶׁדַּם מַגֵּפָתָהּ טָהוֹר. אָמַר לָהֶם, מַחְמִיר אֲנִי בְּחָלָב מִבְּדָם, שֶׁהַחוֹלֵב לִרְפוּאָה, טָמֵא, וְהַמַּקִּיז לִרְפוּאָה, טָהוֹר. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, סַלֵּי זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים יוֹכִיחוּ, שֶׁהַמַּשְׁקִים הַיּוֹצְאִין מֵהֶן לְרָצוֹן, טְמֵאִים, וְשֶׁלֹּא לְרָצוֹן, טְהוֹרִים. אָמַר לָהֶן, לֹא, אִם אֲמַרְתֶּם בְּסַלֵּי זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים, שֶׁתְּחִלָּתָן אֹכֶל וְסוֹפָן מַשְׁקֶה, תֹּאמְרוּ בְחָלָב שֶׁתְּחִלָּתוֹ וְסוֹפוֹ מַשְׁקֶה. עַד כָּאן הָיְתָה תְשׁוּבָה. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ הָיִינוּ מְשִׁיבִין לְפָנָיו, מֵי גְשָׁמִים יוֹכִיחוּ, שֶׁתְּחִלָּתָן וְסוֹפָן מַשְׁקֶה וְאֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין אֶלָּא לְרָצוֹן. אָמַר לָנוּ, לֹא, אִם אֲמַרְתֶּם בְּמֵי גְשָׁמִים, שֶׁאֵין רֻבָּן לָאָדָם, אֶלָּא לָאֲרָצוֹת וְלָאִילָנוֹת, וְרֹב הֶחָלָב, לָאָדָם:

A woman's milk is impure [makes food susceptible to impurity] whether [it comes out] with or against her will, but the milk of an animal is only impure if [it comes out] with its will. Rabbi Akiva says: [The above can be derived] via <i>a fortiori</i> reasoning: If a woman's milk which is only fit for children imparts impurity with or against her will, then is it not logical that an animal's milk which is fit for both children and adults should impart impurity [if it comes out] with or against its will? They [the Sages] said to him: No! If the milk of a woman imparts impurity [if it comes out] against her will, [that is] because blood from her wound is impure [makes food susceptible to impurity], [but] shall milk of an animal [that comes out] against its will be impure when the blood of its wound is pure? He [Rabbi Akiva] said to them: I am more strict with milk than with blood because [if] one milks for healing purposes it is impure, but if one lets blood for healing purposes it is pure. They said to him: Baskets of olives and grapes prove [our point] since the liquids that emerge from them intentionally are impure, but [that which emerges] unintentionally [on its own] is pure. He said to them: No! You refer to baskets of olives and grapes which start as food and end as liquid; will you say the same with milk which starts and ends as liquid? Thus far was the reply. Rabbi Shimon said: From this point on we [the students] argued with him: Rain water proves [the point] since that starts and ends as liquid and only imparts impurity intentionally. He said to us: No! You refer to rain water most of which is not for people but for land and trees, but most of the milk is for people.