Kilayim 2

כָּל סְאָה שֶׁיֶּשׁ בּוֹ רֹבַע מִמִּין אַחֵר, יְמַעֵט. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, יָבֹר. בֵּין מִמִּין אֶחָד בֵּין מִשְּׁנֵי מִינִין. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא מִמִּין אֶחָד. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, כָּל שֶׁהוּא כִלְאַיִם בַּסְּאָה מִצְטָרֵף לְרֹבַע:

If a <i>se'ah</i> [specific unit of volume] contains one quarter [of a <i>kav</i>] of another species [of seed], the [ratio] must be reduced; Rabbi Yose says: he must pick [all of it out] whether it [the quarter <i>kav</i>] is of one species or two species; Rabbi Shimon says: They only said [the rule that it must be reduced] if there is one species. The Sages say: all that is <i>kilayim</i> within the <i>se'ah</i> combines to make up the quarter <i>kav</i>.

בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים. תְּבוּאָה בִתְבוּאָה וְקִטְנִית בְּקִטְנִית, תְּבוּאָה בְקִטְנִית וְקִטְנִית בִּתְבוּאָה. בֶּאֱמֶת אָמְרוּ, זֵרְעוֹנֵי גִנָּה שֶׁאֵינָן נֶאֱכָלִין, מִצְטָרְפִין אֶחָד מֵעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע בְּנוֹפֵל לְבֵית סְאָה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָמְרוּ לְהַחְמִיר כָּךְ אָמְרוּ לְהָקֵל, הַפִּשְׁתָּן בַּתְּבוּאָה מִצְטָרֶפֶת אֶחָד מֵעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע בְּנוֹפֵל לְבֵית סְאָה:

When were these words said [when does this apply]? [With respect to] grain with [a different species of] grain, legumes with [a different species of] legumes, grain with legumes, and legumes with grain. Rightly they have said [the term signifies a ruling handed down by Moshe from Sinai] that all kinds of garden seeds which are not used as food, combine to make up one twenty-fourth [to be considerd <i>kilayim</i>] of that which falls [is sown] into each <i>beit se'ah</i> [a measure of area, equivalent to that area of land large enough to require a Se'ah of seeds to sow it]. Rabbi Shimon says, just as they said [their ruling to result] in stringency, so too they said [their ruling to result] in leniency. Flax with grain combine to make up one twenty-fourth of that which falls [is sown] into a <i>beit se'ah</i>.

הָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה חִטִּים וְנִמְלַךְ לְזָרְעָהּ שְׂעוֹרִים, יַמְתִּין לָהּ עַד שֶׁתַּתְלִיעַ, וְיוֹפַךְ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִזְרַע. אִם צִמְּחָה, לֹא יֹאמַר אֶזְרַע וְאַחַר כָּךְ אוֹפָךְ, אֶלָּא הוֹפֵךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ זוֹרֵעַ. כַּמָּה יְהֵא חוֹרֵשׁ, כְּתַלְמֵי הָרְבִיעָה. אַבָּא שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יְשַׁיֵּר רֹבַע לְבֵית סְאָה:

If a man's field was sown with wheat and then he decided to sow it with barley, he must wait until it [the wheat seeds] become wormy [rots in the soil] and then [he must] turn it over [with a plow so that it does not grow] and afterwards he may sow [the barley]. If it [the wheat] has has already sprouted, he is not to say, "I will [first] sow [the barley], and then I will turn it over," but he must turn it over, and afterwards sow. How much must he plow? Like the forrows [he would plow] after the first rain [wide firrows]. Abba Shaul says, [He must plow] so that he does not leave [unplowed] as much [ground] as holds a quarter <i>kav</i> to a <i>beit se'ah</i>.

זְרוּעָה וְנִמְלַךְ לְנָטְעָהּ, לֹא יֹאמַר אֶטַּע וְאַחַר כָּךְ אוֹפָךְ, אֶלָּא הוֹפֵךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ נוֹטֵעַ. נְטוּעָה וְנִמְלַךְ לְזָרְעָהּ, לֹא יֹאמַר אֶזְרַע וְאַחַר כָּךְ אֲשָׁרֵשׁ, אֶלָּא מְשָׁרֵשׁ וְאַחַר כָּךְ זוֹרֵעַ. אִם רָצָה, גּוֹמֵם עַד פָּחוֹת מִטֶּפַח, זוֹרֵעַ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מְשָׁרֵשׁ:

If a man's field was sown [with grain or legumes] and then he decided to plant it [with vines], he is not to say, "I will [first] plant and then I will turn it over," but he must turn it over and afterwards plant. If it was planted [with vines] and then he decided to sow it, he is not to say, "I will [first] sow and then uproot," but he must [first] uproot, and then sow. [But], if he desires, he may cut down [the vines] to less than a handbreadth [of the ground and then] sow, and afterwards uproot.

הָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה קַנְבּוֹס אוֹ לוּף, לֹא יְהֵא זוֹרֵעַ וּבָא עַל גַּבֵּיהֶם, שֶׁאֵינָן עוֹשִׂין אֶלָּא לִשְׁלֹשָׁה שָׁנִים. תְּבוּאָה שֶׁעָלָה בָהּ סְפִיחֵי אִסְטִיס, וְכֵן מְקוֹם הַגְּרָנוֹת שֶׁעָלוּ בָהֶן מִינִין הַרְבֵּה, וְכֵן תִּלְתָּן שֶׁהֶעֱלָה מִינֵי צְמָחִים, אֵין מְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לְנַכֵּשׁ. אִם נִכֵּשׁ אוֹ כִסַּח, אוֹמְרִים לוֹ, עֲקֹר אֶת הַכֹּל חוּץ מִמִּין אֶחָד:

If a man's field has been sown with hemp, or ‏<i>luf</i> [bulb type plant], he may not sow [on top of them], because they [do not rot and] only produce after three years [anything planted on top would constitute <i>kilayim</i>]. [A field of] grain that an aftergrowth of <i>istis</i> sprouted, similarly, if on the threshing floor different species sprouted [which are harmful to threshing], or if among fenugreek different species have sprouted [which are harmful to the fenugreek] we do not require him to weed them out. If he has weeded or cut them, we must tell him, "Uproot everything except one species."

הָרוֹצֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת שָׂדֵהוּ מֵשָׁר מֵשָׁר מִכָּל מִין, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, שְׁלֹשָׁה תְלָמִים שֶׁל פָּתִיחַ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, מְלֹא הָעֹל הַשָּׁרוֹנִי. וּקְרוֹבִין דִּבְרֵי אֵלּוּ לִהְיוֹת כְּדִבְרֵי אֵלּוּ:

If a man wishes to lay out his field in [straight] beds each sown with a different species, [how much space must he leave between the beds] Beit Shammai says, [the width of] three ridges on the furrowed field and Beit Hillel says, the width of a Sharon yoke [which is a wider than normal yoke]. The words of these and the words of those are very close to each other [there is not much difference between them].

הָיָה רֹאשׁ תּוֹר חִטִּים נִכְנָס בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁל שְׂעוֹרִים, מֻתָּר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא נִרְאֶה כְּסוֹף שָׂדֵהוּ. שֶׁלּוֹ חִטִּים וְשֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ מִין אַחֵר, מֻתָּר לִסְמֹךְ לוֹ מֵאוֹתוֹ הַמִּין. שֶׁלּוֹ חִטִּים וְשֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ חִטִּים, מֻתָּר לִסְמֹךְ לוֹ תֶּלֶם שֶׁל פִּשְׁתָּן, וְלֹא תֶלֶם שֶׁל מִין אַחֵר. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אֶחָד זֶרַע פִּשְׁתָּן וְאֶחָד כָּל הַמִּינִין. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, אַף בְּאֶמְצַע שָׂדֵהוּ מֻתָּר לִבְדֹּק בְּתֶלֶם שֶׁל פִּשְׁתָּן:

If a triangular corner point of a wheat [field] enters into a [neighboring] barley [field] it is permitted [it is not considered <i>kilayim</i>], because it is obvious that it is the end of the field. If his [field is sown] with wheat and his neighbor's [is sown] with a different species, it is permitted to sow close [to the neighbor's field] the same species [as the neighbor's field]. If his [field is sown] with wheat, and his neighbor's is [also sown] with wheat, he is permitted to sow close [to the neighbor's field] a furrow of flax [since flax is not ususally sown with wheat], but not a different species. Rabbi Shimon says, it is the same whether it is flax or any other species [they are all prohibited]. Rabbi Yose says, even in the middle of the [wheat], one may experiment with a furrow of flax [it is not considered <i>kilayim</i>].

אֵין סוֹמְכִין לִשְׂדֵה תְבוּאָה חַרְדָּל וְחָרִיעַ, אֲבָל סוֹמְכִין לִשְׂדֵה יְרָקוֹת חַרְדָּל וְחָרִיעַ. וְסוֹמֵךְ לְבוּר, וּלְנִיר, וּלְגָפָה, וּלְדֶרֶךְ, וּלְגָדֵר גָּבוֹהַּ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים, וּלְחָרִיץ שֶׁהוּא עָמֹק עֲשָׂרָה וְרָחָב אַרְבָּעָה, וּלְאִילָן שֶׁהוּא מֵסֵךְ עַל הָאָרֶץ, וּלְסֶלַע גָּבוֹהַּ עֲשָׂרָה וְרָחָב אַרְבָּעָה:

It is prohibited to sow mustard or wild saffron close to a field of grain, but mustard or wild saffron may be sown close to a vegetable field. [One may] sow [different species] close to a fallow field, a plowed field, a [loose] stone fence, a road, a fence ten handbreadths high, a ditch that is ten [handbreadths] deep and four [handbreadths] wide, a tree that overshadows the ground [its branches are less that three handbreadths off the ground] or a rock that is ten [handbreadths] high and four [handbreadths] wide.

הָרוֹצֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת שָׂדֵהוּ קָרַחַת קָרַחַת מִכָּל מִין, עוֹשֶׂה עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע קָרָחוֹת לְבֵית סְאָה, מִקָּרַחַת לְבֵית רֹבַע, וְזוֹרֵעַ בְּתוֹכָהּ כָּל מִין שֶׁיִּרְצֶה. הָיְתָה קָרַחַת אַחַת אוֹ שְׁתַּיִם, זוֹרְעָם חַרְדָּל. שָׁלֹשׁ, לֹא יִזְרַע חַרְדָּל, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא נִרְאֵית כִּשְׂדֵה חַרְדָּל, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, תֵּשַׁע קָרָחוֹת מֻתָּרוֹת, עֶשֶׂר אֲסוּרוֹת. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר, אֲפִלּוּ כָל שָׂדֵהוּ בֵּית כּוֹר, לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה בְתוֹכָהּ חוּץ מִקָּרַחַת אַחַת:

If a man desires to lay out his field into patches [each to be sown] with differing species, he may make [divide it into] twenty-four patches of a <i>beit se'ah</i>, each patch one <i>beit rova</i> [specific unit of volume] and may sow whatever species he so desires [in them]. If [in a grain field] there are one or two patches [each less than a <i>beit rova</i>], he may sow them with mustard ; [if there were] three, he may not sow them with mustard for it will look like a mustard field, these are the words Rabbi Meir. The Sages say, Nine patches [for each <i>beit se'ah</i>] are permitted [to be sown with whatever you desire], ten are prohibited . Rabbi Eleazar ben Yaakov says, Even if his entire field is a <i> beit kor</i> [specific unit of volume], he may not make [sow] in it more that one patch.

כָּל שֶׁהוּא בְתוֹךְ בֵּית רֹבַע, עוֹלֶה בְמִדַּת בֵּית רֹבַע. אֲכִילַת הַגֶּפֶן וְהַקֶּבֶר וְהַסֶּלַע, עוֹלִין בְּמִדַּת בֵּית רֹבַע. תְּבוּאָה בִתְבוּאָה, בֵּית רֹבַע. יָרָק בְּיָרָק, שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים. תְּבוּאָה בְיָרָק, יָרָק בִּתְבוּאָה, בֵּית רֹבַע. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, יָרָק בִּתְבוּאָה, שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים:

Everything [even areas unsuitable for sowing] that is within the <i>beit rova</i> is included in the measurement of a <i>beit rova</i> [necessary for a separation]. [Thus] the area around the vine, or a grave, or a rock, is included in the measurement of a <i>beit rova</i>. Grains [planted next to] other grains [require a separating distance of] a <i>beit rova</i>. Herbs [planted next to] other herbs [require a separating distance of] six handbreadths. Grains [planted next to] herbs, or herbs [planted next to] grains, [require a separating distance of] a <i>beit rova</i>. Rabbi Eliezer says, herbs [planted next to] grains, require a separating distance of] six handbreadths.

תְּבוּאָה נוֹטָה עַל גַּבֵּי תְבוּאָה, וְיָרָק עַל גַּבֵּי יָרָק, תְּבוּאָה עַל גַּבֵּי יָרָק, יָרָק עַל גַּבֵּי תְבוּאָה, הַכֹּל מֻתָּר, חוּץ מִדְּלַעַת יְוָנִית. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, אַף הַקִּשּׁוּת וּפוֹל הַמִּצְרִי, וְרוֹאֶה אֲנִי אֶת דִּבְרֵיהֶן מִדְּבָרָי:

Grains that are bending [growing] over other grains, herbs over [other] herbs, grains over herbs, or herbs over grains, are all permitted, except for Greek gourds. Rabbi Meir says, also cucumbers and Egyptian beans [are prohibited], nevertheless, I prefer their [the Sages'] words to my words.