Talmud zu Kilayim 1:11

Rebbi Joḥanan in the name of Rebbi Yannai: If a heap of onions produced roots, if one takes from them on the Sabbath he is free³⁹While the onions are growing, taking them is not harvesting. since he does not want their growing roots. Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said to him: What is the worry⁴⁰About the verb אכפל see H. L. Fleischer’s article in Levy’s Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 454. of Sabbath compared to tithes? Did we not state⁴¹Mishnah Kilaim 1:9, Notes 161–162; speaking of harvested vegetables stored in a pit and covered with loose earth.: “He does not have to worry either because of kilaim, or because of the Sabbatical year, or because of tithes, and they may be removed on the Sabbath.” Rebbi Zeїra said to Rebbi Abbahu: Look, what did he say! He said only, what is the worry of Sabbath compared to tithes? So he would worry about the Sabbatical for if he would like them to grow roots they would be forbidden⁴²The next year if that happened to be a Sabbatical year. Cf. Kilaim 1:9, Note 166, that the Mishnah is accepted only for vegetables which did not grow new roots after being harvested. Therefore, the Mishnah there contradicts R. Joḥanan’s statement here. because of aftergrowth; otherwise they are permitted because of aftergrowth. Rebbi Maisha said to Rebbi Zeїra, is that the strongest? If he had stated about a single onion in the hand⁴³The word יד “in the hand” is missing in the Rome ms. it would be fine⁴⁴He certainly does not want to lose a whole heap but a single onion which grew new roots he might replant. If the statement had been about a single onion we could have inferred that there is a presumption that nobody wants harvested onions to start growing again (and wasting their bulbs) unless there is a clear indication to the contrary..

MISHNAH: From when are fruits subject to tithes? Figs from the moment they start to ripen, grapes and wild grapes when they start to produce sap. Sumac and mulberries when they start to become red, and all red fruits when they start to become red. Pomegranates when they become soft, dates when they start to become bloated. Peaches when they get stripes, walnuts when they form a container. Rebbi Jehudah says, walnuts and almonds when they develop a shell.
Carobs from when they become spotted, and all black ones when they become spotted⁶⁶When the originally green pods start developing black spots.. Pears, golden apples, quince, and sorbs⁶⁷These trees have been identified in Kilaim 1:4, Notes 73,74., when they get bald⁶⁸When they lose their down-like small hairs., and all white ones when they get bald. Fenugreek so that a new plant grows⁶⁹When the fenugreek seeds will produce new plants.. And olives when they contain a third⁷⁰This has been explained in Ševi‘it 4:9, Note 104. It really means that the olives, when pressed, yield one ninth of the amount of oil recoverable from ripe fruits..

“Summer onions”, summer ones⁵³The Aramaic trade name for the kind described in Hebrew in the Mishnah.. “They agree that one takes out madder growing on rocky slopes⁵⁴Greek πέτρα “rock”.. We have stated on that⁵⁵A similar statement is in Tosephta 5:23: “On does not tear out spontaneous growth of the Sabbatical with his hand but one ploughs as usual, as animals graze as usual.”: “At a place where one is used to plough, he may plough, to harrow, he may harrow⁵⁶Under a regime of crop rotation, ploughing under the remains of the previous crop is only a preliminary step; it is not yet ploughing for a new crop and not under the prohibition of the Sabbatical. If it is a usual procedure, no bad impression will be created..”

MISHNAH: One does not use a waterwheel with buckets⁷²After the harvest, before the poor had cleaned out vineyard (or field), to avoid hurting the vines (or to prepare the field for the next season.), the words of Rebbi Meïr. But the Sages do permit it, because it is impossible⁷³To do otherwise, since the vineyard would dry up. [This translation follows תוספתא כפשוטה p. 155; it is not much different from the explanation of Arukh (s. v. טפח) in the name of R. Daniel Gaon.]. A householder wandering from one place to another who was in need of taking gleanings, forgotten sheaves, peah, and tithes of the poor⁷⁴Since his money had run out. should repay them once he comes home, the words of Rebbi Eliezer⁷⁵Taking into account his property at his place of residence, at no time was he eligible for public assistance.. But the Sages say, he was poor at that moment⁷⁶Having no money with him and unable to get credit..

HALAKHAH: Rebbi Joḥanan, the Mishnah deals with seeds of pears and paradise pears⁷⁶Greek χρυστουμῖνος, Latin crustuminus “Crustumerian pear”; cf. Kilaim Chapter 1, Note 73. Their seeds are eaten with the fruits.. Rebbi Eleazar said, you can even say the pit of unripe dates if they have not been sucked⁷⁷If these are separated from the dates, some fruit flesh will cling to the pits. This will have to be eaten before the pit loses its sanctity.. But did we not state, “and so bones of sacrifices;” can you say if they have not been sucked⁷⁸If the bones contain marrow, they may not be discarded. If they contain no marrow and are clean, nothing can be taken from them.? No, about cartilage⁷⁹Which is edible. in wings. Rebbi Abbahu came in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: The Mishnah speaks of cartilage in wings.

How does it work out¹⁰⁸What is the practical difference between R. Eleazar who treats the oversized sheaf as sheaf and the Tanna who treats it as a stack?? If he forgot one sheaf next to it, if you make it a sheaf, everybody agrees that it is “forgotten sheaf.¹⁰⁹Then you have two sheaves which for everybody are subject to “forgotten sheaves.”” If you make it a stack, a difference between Shammai and Hillel¹¹⁰This should read: the Houses of Shanmai and Hillel. The House of Shammai in Mishnah 6:2 freed the sheaf next to a stack from “forgotten sheaves;” the House of Hillel did not.. If he forgot two sheaves, if you make it sheaves, a difference between the Houses of Shammai and Hillel¹¹¹For the House of Hillel, one has three sheaves and it is an exempted row; for the House of Shammai one would need four.; if you make it a stack it will not be considered a row¹¹²Then one only has two sheaves which even for the House of Hillel are not a row..

I could think that somebody who redeems a vineyard outside the Land would return, the verse says¹⁷⁰Deut. 20:6.: “And he did not redeem it”. In case one is commanded to redeem it¹⁷¹In Lev. 19:23, the duty of redemption is clearly restricted to the Promised Land.; this excludes where there is no commandment to redeem. It was stated¹⁷²Also quoted in the Babli, 43b. R. Eliezer ben Jacob rejects the extension of the exemption from combat duty given in the Mishnah.: Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob says, one only understands “vineyard”. And similarly, one only understands “planted”. It was stated: “And he did not redeem it¹⁷⁰Deut. 20:6.”, that excludes him who sinks or grafts. Rebbi Joḥanan said, this follows Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob. Rav Ḥisda said, this is everybody’s opinion if he grafted fruits of sin¹⁷³Since reciting a benediction over any forbidden fruit is blasphemy (Ḥallah 1:9, 58a line 53; Babli Baba qama 94a), it is obvious that since an orchard of kilaim cannot be redeemed, the person who planted it cannot be exempted.. Where do we hold?¹⁷⁴What kind of grafting entitles a man to leave the war zone following the Mishnah but not R. Eliezer ben Jacob? If he grafted a fruit tree on another fruit tree of a different kind; these are fruits of sin¹⁷⁵These are unquestionably forbidden kilaim.. But if he grafted a fruit tree on a futile tree, as if it were its own kind, he is planting anew¹⁷⁶The stump of the futile tree is simply considered as earth; according to everybody grafting on such a stem is the same as planting in the earth.. But we hold if he grafted a black fig tree on a white one¹⁷⁷This is permitted; the owner returns following the Mishnah but not R. Eliezer ben Jacob. A “black” fig is a purple one; a “white” fig is green..

“Wild animals and birds follow the same rules.” ⁹⁵In Kilaim 8:6: R. Samuel, but in the Babli, 55a, in the name of Samuel. Samuel said, the sea goose is kilaim with domesticated goose. Rebbi Yose said, the Mishnah does not say so, but an ox and a bison are kilaim with one another; a donkey and a wild donkey are kilaim with one another⁹⁶Contradicting the rabbis in Kilaim 8:6, Notes 97–98. The Genizah fragment here has an addition: “A pig and a wild boar are kilaim;” this is from Tosephta Kilaim 1:8.. Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said, Rebbi stated a complete Mishnah: “Wild animals and birds follow the same rules.⁹⁷If two related kinds of land animals are kilaim, then certainly land and water fowl are kilaim and one does not need a specific statement for this.” Rebbi Joḥanan said, and I brought this from the House of Levi⁹⁸Babli 55a, in the name of R. Simeon ben Laqish.: A rooster with a pheasant⁹⁹Greek φασιανός., a rooster with a peacock-hen¹⁰⁰טַווָס, Greek ταώς “Peacock”. are kilaim even though they are similar one to the other.

MISHNAH: A baby carriage is impure as support¹³⁵Any implement used to sit or lay on becomes biblically impure if it supports a person impure by gonorrhea (Lev. 15:9,26) or menstruation (Lev. 20). This impurity is transmitted by the load; no direct contact is necessary. If the princess has her period, even if she touched only the uppermost of her ten mattresses, the entire bedstead is severely impure., may be used on the Sabbath, but is drawn¹³⁶As the parallels in the Babli and the independent Mishnah mss. as well as logical necessity show, there is a word missing and one must read “but it is only d rawn on implements.” As the Halakhah explains, the Mishnah follows Rebbi Jehudah who holds that on the Sabbath and holidays one is liable also for unintended or undesirable effects of his action, in contrast to R. Simeon who holds liable only for prohibited actions whose prohibited effect was intended. The problem here is that drawing anything on a dirt floor will make a groove. Since pieces of dirt are moved to the side of the groove, this is forbidden digging. Therefore for R. Jehudah and his followers one may drag things on a floor only if the dirt is covered. on implements. Rebbi Jehudah said, no vessels are drawn except a carriage because it compresses¹⁴⁰Under a wheel the dirt is moved only vertically, not horizontally, and this is missing an essential ingredient of biblically forbidden digging. .