Kommentar zu Taanit 4:7
שַׁבָּת שֶׁחָל תִּשְׁעָה בְאָב לִהְיוֹת בְּתוֹכָהּ, אָסוּר מִלְּסַפֵּר וּמִלְּכַבֵּס, וּבַחֲמִישִׁי מֻתָּרִין מִפְּנֵי כְבוֹד הַשַּׁבָּת. עֶרֶב תִּשְׁעָה בְאָב לֹא יֹאכַל אָדָם שְׁנֵי תַבְשִׁילִין, לֹא יֹאכַל בָּשָׂר וְלֹא יִשְׁתֶּה יָיִן. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר, יְשַׁנֶּה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְחַיֵּב בִּכְפִיַּת הַמִּטָּה, וְלֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ חֲכָמִים:
Während der Woche, in der der neunte Av stattfindet, ist es einer Person verboten, sich zu rasieren oder [seine Kleidung] zu waschen, aber am Donnerstag ist es zu Ehren des Sabbats erlaubt. Am Tag vor dem neunten Ab darf eine Person nicht an zwei [verschiedenen Arten] von Köchen [oder Gerichten] teilnehmen, Fleisch essen oder Wein darauf trinken. Rabbon Simeon ben Gamaliel sagt: "[Es reicht aus,] [von der üblichen Lebensweise] abzuweichen." Rabbi Yehudah hält es für obligatorisch, die Bettplätze umzudrehen, aber die Weisen sind sich darin nicht einig.
Bartenura on Mishnah Taanit
שבת שחל ט"ב – the week in which the Ninth of Av occurs in its midst
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English Explanation of Mishnah Taanit
Introduction
This mishnah talks about the week which leads up to Tisha B’av and the day before.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Taanit
אסור לספר ולכבס – All that entire week until after the Fast passes.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Taanit
During the week in which the ninth of Av falls it is forbidden to cut the hair and to wash clothes but on Thursday it is permitted in honor of Shabbat. Starting in the week in which Tisha B’av falls one begins to mourn by not cutting hair (this includes shaving) or washing clothes. However, if Tisha B’av falls on Friday then it is permitted to cut one’s hair and wash one’s clothes on Thursday in preparation for Shabbat. In today’s calendar Tisha B’av can never fall on Friday or on Shabbat. We should also note that in Ashkenazi tradition these prohibitions begin with the seventeenth of Tammuz, three weeks before Tisha B’av.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Taanit
ובחמישי מותרים – When they would sanctify [the New Moon] by appearance, and Tisha B’Av occurred on Friday, it was permitted ot wash clothing on the Thursday before the fast because of the honor of the Shabbat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Taanit
On the eve of the ninth of Av one should not eat a meal of two cooked dishes, nor should he eat meat or drink wine. Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel says: one should make change [his diet.] The meal before Tisha B’av is supposed to be a simple meal, one that does not consist of two cooked dishes, nor meat or wine. This sharply contrasts with Yom Kippur, before which one is mandated to have a large meal in celebration of the coming holiday. Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel is more flexible with regard to this meal. He just mandates that one change his normal eating habits. If one normally has two cooked dishes, one should have only one. If one normally eats a lot of meat, one should just have a little.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Taanit
שני תבשילין – there is no prohibition regarding two cooked foods but rather something should not eaten raw/in its natural condition, but something that is eaten in its natural condition (i.e., raw) like milk and cheese and legumes at the time when it is moist, even though he cooked them, they are not considered like two cooked foods.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Taanit
Rabbi Judah obligated turning over the bed, but the sages did not agree with him. Turning over the bed is a sign of mourning. In the time of the mishnah it was the custom of mourners to turn over their beds as a sign of the overturning of their worlds which occurred when they lost a relative. Rabbi Judah says that on Tisha B’av everyone should turn over their beds as a sign of the collective mourning of the people. However, the other sages disagree with him.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Taanit
לא יאכל בשר ולא ישתה יין – these words refer to after half the day has passed [on the eve of Tisha B’Av], and in the concluding meal [before the fast begins] where he has no intention of eating a set meal afterwards. But prior to the middle of the day, even at the concluding meal, or at the meal which is not the concluding meal, even after half the day [has passed] , it is permissible to eat two cooked foods, and with meat and wine.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Taanit
רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר: ישנה – If he was accustomed to eat two cooked foods, he should eat one cooked food; If he was accustomed [to drink] two glasses of wine, he should drink one glass. But the Halakha does not follow the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Taanit
בכפיית המטה – He places the mattress on or near the floor and does not lie on it, but only on the ground. And the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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