[Das Folgende erfordert sowohl absichtliches Denken, das sie für den menschlichen Verzehr bestimmt, als auch die Vorbereitung auf Unreinheit, indem sie feucht werden, bevor sie unrein gemacht werden können:] eines, das [Fleisch] von einem Menschen, von einem [domestizierten] Tier, von einem trennt [wildes] Tier, von Geflügel, vom Aas eines unreinen [dh nicht koscheren] Vogels und [verbotenem] Fett in Dörfern und allen übrigen Arten von Feldgemüse, außer Trüffeln und Pilzen. Rabbi Yehuda sagt: außer Feldlauch, Portulak und Milchblüte. Und Rabbi Shimon sagt: außer wilder Artischocke. Rabbi Yose sagt: außer Traubenhyazinthe. Diese [alle] erfordern sowohl absichtliches Denken als auch das Vorbereiten [auf Unreinheit].
Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
החותך מן האדם מן הבהמה מן החיה ומן העופות – all of them are speaking about cutting off flesh from the living creatures, and even though that they were separated from the living, they do not defile, for only a limb a living creature defiles but not the flesh that was separated from a living being, therefore we require intention that he should have in mind upon them for consumption, and if not, they don’t defile.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
Introduction
This mishnah lists things that are not human food and therefore are not susceptible to impurity unless someone decides that they are going to eat them (some of these are a bit gross, so beware). They also require contact with water to become susceptible.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
החלב בכפרים (from fat in the villages) – for the people of villages do not consume fat. Therefore, they require intention. Bu tin the marketplaces, where most of the people come to the market, there are many that eat fats, and they don’t require intention.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
That which has been severed from a human, beast, wild animal, bird, or from the carrion of an unclean bird, and the fat in villages. Pieces of flesh cut off of a living human, beast, wild animal or bird are not impure. If one decides to eat them (this is not allowed, but someone might do it) and they come into contact with water, they become susceptible to impurity. The carrion of an unclean bird is not impure (see Toharot 1:3). Therefore, a piece of flesh cut off from it has the same status as the other meat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
ושאר כל ירקות שדה – that are not sown in gardens, are not special/specific for human consumption and require intention.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
And all kinds of wild vegetables, except for truffles and mushrooms; Rabbi Judah says, except for field-leeks, purslane and ornithagolum. And Rabbi Shimon says: except for cynara sycaria. Rabbi Yose says: except for muscari comusum. Wild vegetables generally are not eaten. There are however some exceptions. The first opinion and various other rabbis cite some exceptions. I don't know what some of these are and the translations are mostly from Albeck. Suffice it to say that these are wild grown vegetables that seem to have been eaten.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
חוץ משמרקעים (except for truffles/a species of very acrid onions) – a species of pungent onions.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
Behold all these need both intention and to be rendered susceptible [to uncleanness]. This is the summary of category two from yesterday's mishnah. In order to be susceptible to impurity these things need to come into contact with liquids and one needs to actively decide that they are going to be eaten.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
ופטריות (truffles/fungus, morils) – a species of plant that doesn’t have a root. FUNGI in the foreign language.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
חוץ מכרישי שדה (except for wild leeks/field leeks) – PUROSH in the foreign language and PORAT in Arabic. That these, even though we don’t plant them in gardens , do not require intention.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
והרגילה (purslane) – such is its name in Arabic. And in the foreign language, PORKAKLAH.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
נץ חלב (Ornithogalum, star of Bethlehem, a bulbous plant) – white flowers like milk. And there are those who say, grass when they cut it that milk comes out from it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
עכביות (a species of edible thistles, cardoon) – grass filled with thorns, and it is the דרדר/thistle in the language of Scripture, and in the foreign language KARDOSH.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
כלוסין (a species of figs) – Maimonides states that we call it in Arabic ANAV ALDIB. But Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Shimon and Rabbi Yossi hold that these do not require intention because they are specific for human consumption. But the Halakha is not like any of them, but rather all of them require intention, and if not, they do not defile.
