Kommentar zu Kelim 11:3
הָעוֹשֶׂה כֵלִים מִן הָעֶשֶׁת, וּמִן הַחֲרָרָה, וּמִן הַסּוֹבֵב שֶׁל גַּלְגַּל, וּמִן הַטַּסִּין, וּמִן הַצִּפּוּיִין, מִכַּנֵּי כֵלִים, וּמֵאֹגְנֵי כֵלִים, מֵאָזְנֵי כֵלִים, מִן הַשְּׁחוֹלֶת, וּמִן הַגְּרוּדוֹת, טְהוֹרִין. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי אוֹמֵר, אַף מִן הַקְּצוּצוֹת. מִשִּׁבְרֵי כֵלִים, מִן הַגְּרוּטִים, וּמִן הַמַּסְמְרוֹת, שֶׁיָּדוּעַ שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ מִכְּלִי, טְמֵאִין. מִן הַמַּסְמְרוֹת, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי מְטַמְּאִין, וּבֵית הִלֵּל מְטַהֲרִין:
Wer Gefäße aus Eisenerz, aus geschmolzenem Eisen, aus dem Reifen eines Rades, aus Blechen, aus Plattierungen, aus den Böden, Felgen oder Griffen von Gefäßen, aus Splittern oder Spänen herstellt, ist rein. Rabbi Yochanan ben Nuri sagt: auch aus solchen, die aus Gefäßstücken bestehen. Aus Gefäßstücken, aus alten Gefäßstücken oder aus Nägeln, von denen bekannt war, dass sie aus Gefäßen hergestellt wurden, sind unrein. Von gewöhnlichen Nägeln: Beit Shammai sagt: Sie sind unrein; und Beit Hillel sagt, dass sie rein sind.
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
העשת (wrought metal) –a piece of iron when they remove it from the quarry/mine.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
If vessels are made from iron ore, from smelted iron, from the hoop of a wheel, from sheets, from plating, from the bases, rims or handles of vessels, from chippings or filings, they are clean. Rabbi Yohanan ben Nuri says: even those made of pieces of vessels. Vessels that are made from any of these materials are pure (unless they contract impurity). We need not be concerned that they come from material that was at one time impure because all of the things that are listed here are not "vessels" and therefore they are not susceptible to impurity. In other words, if a vessels comes from recycled material that could never have been impure, it is itself pure. "Pieces of vessels" are pieces that are cut off of the raw metarl material when vessels are being made. Rabbi Yohanan ben Nuri rules that these too cannot be impure, and therefore vessels made of them are pure.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
חררה (a ball of iron ore before it is smelted) – after they smelt the iron they make of it a round mold/loaf like a cake.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
From [vessels that are made] of fragments of vessels, from pieces of old vessels, or from nails that were known to have been made from vessels, are unclean. In this case the older vessels may have been impure before they were broken and recycled. Therefore, the new vessels made from them must also be treated as impure, for when the old vessels were forged into new vessels, they return to their former state of impurity (see mishnah one).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
סובב על גלגל (the iron hoop of a wheel) – the wheel of a wagon of wood, they make around it a foil or other plating material of iron that won’t break on the stony/rugged ground or rocks.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
[If they were made] from ordinary nails: Bet Shammai says: they are unclean, And Bet Hillel says that they are clean. In this case, we don't know whether the nails were once parts of vessels, in which case they are susceptible to impurity, or were from nails that were never parts of vessels, in which case they are not susceptible to impurity. Bet Shammai rules strictly and renders them unclean lest they came from vessels that were once impure. Bet Hillel rules leniently, reasoning that there is a double-doubt in this case. The nails may not have ever been part of vessels, and even if they were, there is the possibility that the previous vessel was clean.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
טסין (foil, plate) –(Exodus 39:3): “They hammered out sheets of gold,” which we translate into Aramaic: “And they beat out/hammer foils of gold.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
כני כלים – the bases of utensils. The language of "את כנו" /”and its stand” (Exodus 30:28), which we translate into Aramaic, “and its stand.”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
הוגני כלים (basin/אוגני of vessels) – like a necklace/chain that surrounds the rim of the vessels.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
אזני כלים – handle that they grab hold of the vessel.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
השחלת (metal filings/shavings) – what remains from the vessel after it is made. The language of כמשחל בניתא מחלבא/(One’s death is like) drawing out hair from milk – /in Berakhot 8a and we translate [into Aramaic the passage](Exodus 2:10): “I drew him (Moses) out of the water,” I drew out the lion from the water.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
גרודות – that is scraped from the utensil at the time that it is made. The language is stated from Job 2:8): "[ויקח-לו חרש] להתגרר בו [ישב התוך-האפר]."/”[He took a potsherd] to scratch himself [as he sat in ashes].”
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
טהורים – for we are not concerned in all of these that perhaps they came from an impure vessel and he returned and made from them [another] vessel, they returned to their earlier defilement, for all of these did not appear to be able to receive defilement ever, because they are unfinished vessels [lacking a receptacle], and unfinished metal vessels are not susceptible to receive defilement. And this is taught in the Tosefta (see Tosafot Yom Tov on this entry which referred me to Kelim Bava Metzia 2:17: “And what are the unfinished wooden objects which are unclean? Whatever one is destined to smooth, to scrape, to hollow out or to plane. [If] they lacked a cup, a border, an ear, or a hand, they are unclean. [If] they lacked hollowing, they are clean” (see also Tractate Kelim, Chapter 12, Mishnah 8). And which are those unfinished metal vessels? That which are destined to smooth, to adorn with designs, to scrape/plane, to make a rim by hollowing out the center/rounding off, and to beat with a mallet, that which is missing a chain surrounding the rim of the vessel or a handle is pure.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
אף מן הקצוצות (even from the cut metal, strip, wire) – if he cut the vessels in pieces, the vessels that are made from those pieces did not return to their earlier defilement. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yohanan ben Nuri.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
גרוטאות – vessels that were broken because of their usage and were made into small pieces after their aging are called גרוטות /fragments of vessels. But they are smaller than shards of vessels/shattered iron.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ומן המסמרות שידוע שנעשו מכלים (and from nails known to have been made from other vessels) – even though we don’t know if they came from pure vessels or from the impure ones.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
טמאין – the vessels made from them are impure, for we are concerned that perhaps they came from impure vessels and returned to their former state of impurity.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
מן המסמרות – undefined. That we don’t know if they were made from utensils or from the wrought iron.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
בית שמאי מטמאין – that they decreed that these are on account of those.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ובית הלל מטהרין – that they didn’t decree.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy