R. Yehudah sagt: Wenn man befürchtet, dass Beth-Din Rosh Hashanah interkalieren könnte, legt er zwei Eruvin nieder und sagt: "Mein Eruv für den ersten Tag ist im Osten und für den zweiten Tag im Westen" (oder) " für den ersten Tag im Westen und für den zweiten Tag im Osten. " "Mein Eruv ist für den ersten Tag und am zweiten Tag als die Menschen meiner Stadt" (oder) "Mein Eruv ist für den zweiten Tag und am ersten Tag als die Menschen meiner Stadt." [Wenn er Angst hatte, dass der große Beth-Din Elul interkalieren könnte, so dass es zwei heilige Tage geben würde (den dreißigsten und den einunddreißigsten von Elul), und er am ersten Tag in eine Richtung und in eine andere gehen musste In der zweiten Richtung legt er am Vorabend von Jom Tov zwei Eruvin nieder, einen in beide Richtungen, und sagt usw.] Und die Weisen stimmten ihm nicht zu. [Denn sie halten sie für eine Heiligkeit. Und die Halacha entspricht den Weisen gegenüber den zwei Tagen von Rosch Haschana. Denn nicht nur aufgrund von Zweifeln wurden zwei Tage eingeleitet (Zweifel daran), ob Beth-Din den dreißigsten oder den einunddreißigsten Tag geheiligt hatte und einer von ihnen Chol ist (dh nicht Yom Tov), sondern auch wegen der Möglichkeit, dass Zeugen von Minchah an (gekommen) waren, in welchem Fall dieser Tag als heilig und der nächste Tag als heilig angesehen wird, wobei beide (zusammen) als eine Heiligkeit angesehen werden. Aber bei den anderen Festen des Exils, bei denen sie nur aus Zweifeln zwei Tage einleiteten und nicht wussten, wann der große Beth-Din den Neumond geheiligt hatte, stimmen die Weisen mit R. Yehudah überein, dass es sich um zwei verschiedene Heiligkeiten handelt. (Die "Weisen" hier sind R. Yossi.)]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
שמא תעבר – lest the Great Jewish Court would make Elul a leap month (i.e., adding a 30th day to what is ordinarily only 29 days), and there will be two Holy Days, the thirtieth of Elul and the thirty-first, and he would need to go on the first day to one side and on the second day to the other side by making two Eruvin, and place them on the eve of Yom Tov, one on this side and the other on the other and say, etc. (i.e., that my Eruv for the first day will be in one direction and my Eruv for the second day will be in the other direction – like in the previous Mishnah).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
Introduction
In the time of the Mishnah, every Hebrew month had either 28 or 29 days, but people would not know before the end of the month how many days any given month had. This was decided by the testimony of witnesses who would come to the court in Jerusalem and testify that they had seen a new moon (we will learn about this in tractate Rosh Hashanah). Therefore, before the calendar was fully fixed, on the 28th day of a month, a person would not know if the next day will be Rosh Hodesh (the first of the month) or the last day of the preceding month. This was an especially significant problem on the last day of Elul, the month that precedes Rosh Hashanah. Until witnesses came one would not know if the next day was Rosh Hashanah or not. Our mishnah deals with the problem of setting up an eruv in such a situation.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ולא הודו לו חכמים – for they hold that it is one [day] of holiness. And the Halakha is according to the Sages regarding the two holy days of Rosh Hashanah. But not because doubt alone they established this lest the Jewish Court should sanctify the thirtieth day or the thirty-first day (as Rosh Hashanah/Rosh Hodesh), and one of them is a weekday. But because lest witnesses should come from the time of Minha/afternoon and beyond (and state that they saw the New Moon), and they would observe that day as holy and the morrow as holy and both of them would be one holiness. But, the rest of the Holy Days of the Diaspora, that they did not establish other than from doubt, for we don’t know when the Great Jewish Court sanctified the month, the Sages agree with Rabbi Yehuda that they are two [days of] holiness. And the Sages that are mentioned here are Rabbi Yossi.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
Rabbi Judah says: [if on the eve of the] New Year a man was afraid that [the preceding month of Elul] might be intercalated, he may prepare two eruvs and make this declaration: “My eruv for the first day is that to the east and the one for the second day is that to the west”; “the one for the first day is that to the west and the one for the second day is that to the east”; “my eruv is for the first day, and for the second I shall be as the people of my town”; “my eruv is for the second day, and for the first I shall be as the people of my town.” The person described in this mishnah finds himself on the 28th of Elul, assuming that the next day is going to be Rosh Hashanah, but not knowing if the day after will also be Rosh Hashanah. If witnesses come the next day by a certain time, then it and it alone will be Rosh Hashanah, but if they do not come, then the following day will also be Rosh Hashanah. The problem therefore is how to set up an eruv for both days? Rabbi Judah says that he can treat these two days as if they were two separate entities of holiness, just as Rabbi Eliezer in yesterday’s mishnah said concerning the festival which precedes or comes after Shabbat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
But the sages did not agree with him. Just as the rabbis disagreed with Rabbi Eliezer in yesterday’s mishnah, so too they disagree with Rabbi Judah in this mishnah. They reason that the two days may be one entity of holiness, in which case one cannot set two separate eruvin for the two days. We should note that at a certain point during the mishnaic period it became fixed that Rosh Hashanah was two days, and to this day Jews all over the world, and even those in the land of Israel observe two days of Rosh Hashanah. The two days are considered to be one long day of kedushah (holiness) and therefore, one cannot set up two different eruvin for the two days. In contrast, the second day of festivals (second day of Yom Tov) is only observed in the Diaspora. Where this second day is observed, one may set up two different eruvin for the two days.
