Mischna
Mischna

Kommentar zu Berakhot 2:1

הָיָה קוֹרֵא בַתּוֹרָה, וְהִגִּיעַ זְמַן הַמִּקְרָא, אִם כִּוֵּן לִבּוֹ, יָצָא. וְאִם לָאו, לֹא יָצָא. בַּפְּרָקִים שׁוֹאֵל מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד וּמֵשִׁיב, וּבָאֶמְצַע שׁוֹאֵל מִפְּנֵי הַיִּרְאָה וּמֵשִׁיב, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, בָּאֶמְצַע שׁוֹאֵל מִפְּנֵי הַיִּרְאָה, וּמֵשִׁיב מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד, בַּפְּרָקִים שׁוֹאֵל מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד, וּמֵשִׁיב שָׁלוֹם לְכָל אָדָם:

Wenn man [den Abschnitt des Schemas] in der Thora liest und die Zeit für das Rezital [des Schemas] kommt —wenn er sich konzentrierte, [Nach der Ansicht, dass Mizwoth Absicht erfordern, wird "wenn er sich konzentriert" verstanden als: wenn er beabsichtigt war, seine Verpflichtung zu erfüllen; und nach der Ansicht, dass Mizwoth keine Absicht erfordert, wird es so verstanden: wenn er sich darauf konzentrierte, es mit der richtigen Vokalisierung zu rezitieren (im Gegensatz zum Rezitieren zum Korrekturlesen, wo er die Wörter nicht liest, während sie vokalisiert werden, aber wie sie geschrieben sind, um zwischen fehlerhaften und plene Formen zu unterscheiden, in welchem ​​Fall er seiner Verpflichtung nicht nachkommt). Und wir regieren, dass Mizwoth Vorsatz erfordern.], Er hat seine Verpflichtung erfüllt, und wenn nicht, hat er seine Verpflichtung nicht erfüllt. Zwischen Abschnitten ["Zwischen Abschnitten" wird später in unserer Mischna erklärt.] Er grüßt aus Ehre [Er begrüßt jemanden, dessen Ehre dies rechtfertigt, wie seinen Vater oder seinen Lehrer oder einen ihm in Weisheit überlegenen], und er erwidert die Begrüßung. [Es versteht sich von selbst, dass er ihnen einen Gruß zurückgibt, wenn sie ihn zuerst begrüßen.] Und in der Mitte [eines Abschnitts] erweitert er den Gruß aus Angst [dh wo er Angst hat, dass der andere ihn sonst töten könnte. Und es versteht sich von selbst, dass er ihm einen Gruß zurückgibt. Aber er darf dies nicht aus Ehre tun], und er erwidert den Gruß. Dies sind die Worte von R. Meir. R. Yehudah sagt: In der Mitte [eines Abschnitts] erweitert er den Gruß aus Angst und erwidert den Gruß aus Ehre [dh aus Rücksicht auf einen, den er ehren muss]. Zwischen den Abschnitten grüßt er alle Männer, die ihn begrüßen. Und die Halacha stimmt mit R. Yehudah überein. Und wo immer es verboten ist, den Erwägungsgrund zu unterbrechen, ist es verboten, wie in jeder anderen Sprache in der heiligen Sprache zu sprechen.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

היה קורא בתורה – The portion(s) of the Shema (i.e. Deuteronomy 6:4-9; Deuteronomy 11:13-21 and/or Numbers 15:37-41) [from the Torah scroll].
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

English Explanation of Mishnah Berakhot

If one was reading in the Torah [the section of the Shema] and the time for its recital arrived, if he directed his heart [to fulfill the mitzvah] he has fulfilled his obligation.
In the breaks [between sections] one may give greeting out of respect and return greeting; in the middle [of a section] one may give greeting out of fear and return it, the words of Rabbi Meir.
Rabbi Judah says: in the middle one may give greeting out of fear and return it out of respect, in the breaks one may give greeting out of respect and return greeting to anyone.

The first section of this mishnah deals with having proper intention when reciting the Shema. The second section deals with interrupting reciting the Shema to greet someone.
Section one: Someone is reading the Torah and he just happens to read the portions of the Shema at the time in the morning or evening when he is supposed to recite the Shema. While this may seem extremely unlikely since the Shema’s three portions are not found consecutively in the Torah the mishnah is teaching a lesson. Merely reading the Shema as if one is simply reading from the Torah is not sufficient to fulfill one’s ritual duty to recite the Shema in the morning and in the evening. One must recite the Shema with the intention in mind of fulfilling one’s obligation to perform this mitzvah. Only if one has such an intention in mind, has he fulfilled his mitzvah.
Section two: This section deals with being forced to interrupt someone to offer a greeting. It seems that in ancient times people took greetings far more seriously than we take them today. Not greeting someone properly was considered a serious insult. Therefore, both Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Judah allow certain interruptions in the recitation of the Shema in order to greet people. Rabbi Meir rules more strictly. In between the paragraphs one can greet and respond to someone to whom one owes respect. In the middle of a paragraph one can interrupt but only to greet or respond to someone whom one fears, such as a king or other powerful official. But one should never interrupt just to greet an ordinary person and in the middle of a paragraph one may interrupt only out of fear and not out of respect.
Rabbi Judah is more lenient on each count. In the middle of a paragraph he may initiate a greeting out of fear (Rabbi Meir agrees with this) and he may respond to one even out of respect (Rabbi Meir says only out of fear). In between paragraphs he may initiate a greeting out of respect (this agrees with Rabbi Meir) and he may respond to anyone (Rabbi Meir disagrees).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

והגיע זמן – [the time for the] recitation of the Shema [had arrived].
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

אם כיון לבו יצא – According the words of [the opinion] which states: [The performance of] the commandments requires spiritual intentionality, one must explain if he indeed intended that to fulfill his religious obligation . [And according to the opinion] which states that [the performance of] the commandments does not require spiritual intentionality, he explains – if he intended to read as it is properly pronounced and according to Jewish law, excluding someone who reads to correct/amend the text – who is not reading the words as they are pronounced, but rather reading them as they are written to understand those things which are missing or additional, for in such a reading, one does not fulfill one’s religious obligation. And we hold like the opinion that teaches that [the performance of] the commandments requires religious intentionality (see Tractate Rosh Hashanah, Chapter 3, Mishnah 7 concerning the sounding of the Shofar on Rosh Hashanah and the reading of Megillat Esther on Purim which also deals with the question of “spiritual intentionality”).
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

בפרקים –Further on, our Mishnah will explain what is meant by the term הפרקים/intervals.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

שואל מפני הכבוד – Ask of the welfare of someone who is honored and [for whom] it is appropriate to extend a greeting [first] – such as one’s father or one’s teacher or someone’s whose wisdom is greater than yours.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

ומשיב – And we do not have to say [that he may respond] to them if they greet you first.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

ובאמצע – [in the middle] of the chapter/section.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

שואל מפני היראה – A person whom one fears lest he may kill you, and surely you don’t have to say, that you may respond to a peaceful greeting [from him] but not out of one’s honor for that individual.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

רבי יהודה אומר באמצע – In the middle of the chapter/section, one may ask of the welfare of someone one fears, and respond peacefully to anyone whom one must [demonstrate] honor/respect.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Berakhot

ומשיב שלום לכל אדם – If he greeted you first, and the law follows like Rabbi Yehuda and in all matters where it is prohibited to interrupt, so it Is also forbidden to speak in Hebrew as it would be in other languages.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Ganzes KapitelNächster Vers