Комментарий к Пеа́ 7:4
אֵיזוֹהִי עוֹלֶלֶת. כָּל שֶׁאֵין לָהּ לֹא כָתֵף וְלֹא נָטֵף. אִם יֶשׁ לָהּ כָּתֵף אוֹ נָטֵף, שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, אִם סָפֵק, לָעֲנִיִּים. עוֹלֶלֶת שֶׁבָּאַרְכֻּבָּה, אִם נִקְרֶצֶת עִם הָאֶשְׁכּוֹל, הֲרֵי הִיא שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, וְאִם לָאו, הֲרֵי הִיא שֶׁל עֲנִיִּים. גַּרְגֵּר יְחִידִי, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אֶשְׁכּוֹל. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, עוֹלֶלֶת:
Кто такой Олет ? Любой [кластер], который не имеет ни плеча, ни висящей части [но скорее полностью прикреплен к основному стеблю]. Если есть плечо или свисающая часть, оно принадлежит собственнику; если есть сомнение, оно принадлежит бедным. Olelet , который прилагается к колену [суставу между ветвями или ножкой и стволом] - если она сорвала с виноградом кластером, на самом деле она принадлежит владельцу недвижимости; если нет, то это действительно принадлежит бедным. Один виноград - рабби Иегуда говорит: это скопление; Мудрецы говорят: это Олет .
Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
איזו היא עוללת – as it states in the Torah (Leviticus 19:10): “You shall not pick your vineyard bare.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Peah
Introduction
This mishnah introduces the rules of the “defective cluster,” called in Hebrew the “olelet.” Leviticus 19:10 states, “You shall not pick your vineyard bare,” the word for bare is “teolel” from which the rabbis derive the word olelet. They interpret the halakhah to mean don’t pick defective clusters of grapes, rather leave them for the poor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
כתף – the middle shoot/twig of the cluster is attached to many small clusters, and they lie one on top of the other it is like a burden that is on the shoulder of a person which is called a shoulder, and when they are scattered in one shoot/twig one hear and the other there, there is no “shoulder,” (i.e., grapes on an arm of a vine which branches off into twigs).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Peah
What constitutes a defective cluster ( of grapes? Any [cluster] which has neither a shoulder [a wide upper part] nor a pendant [a cone-shaped lower part]. A defective cluster is defined as one that does not have a broad part on the top and a part that tapers down toward the bottom. A grape cluster normally has a spine that travels its entire length. The top part has small branches off the spine; the grapes grow on these small branches. This part of the cluster is called the shoulder. On the bottom part the grapes grow directly from the spine. This part is called the pendant.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
נטף – they are berries of grapes that are attached at the end of the shoot/twig that is customary that many grapes would be hanging there, and on account that its grapes drop downward, it is called נטף/grapes hanging down directly from the trunk, and in the language of the Bible, they call a cluster that lacks a shoulder (i.e., grapes on the arm of a vine which branches off into twigs) and grapes hanging down directly from the trunk עולל/picked bare, because it is in front of the rest of the clusters of grapes like something picked bare before the person.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Peah
If it has a shoulder or a pendant, it belongs to the owner. If there is a doubt, it belongs to the poor. If it has only one of these, i.e. it has a shoulder but not a pendant or a pendant but not a shoulder, then it is not an olelet, a defective cluster, and it still belongs to the owner. However, if there is a doubt over whether it missing both the shoulder and the pendant, then it belongs to the poor. Alternatively, if there is a doubt whether there is a spine, or whether it is really just a few grapes growing directly from the vine, then it belongs to the poor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
אם ספק – that the small clusters appear to be hanging/suspended on a shoot/twig, as if the lie one on top of the other and they don’t lie nicely, for now there is doubt if it has grapes on the arm of a vine which branches off into twigs (i.e., a shoulder) or not.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Peah
A defective cluster on the joint of a vine [where a normal cluster hangs from the vine], if it can be cut off with the cluster, it belongs to the owner; but if it can not, it belongs to the poor. If there is a defective cluster growing from the vine at the same point as a normal cluster, then if the defective one can be harvested with as the normal one, it belongs to the owner. If, however, it needs to be cut separately, then it belongs to the poor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
שבארכובה – a young shoot of a vine that many clusters hang on it and when the person cutting grapes cuts them and it is called a knee/joint and sometimes it has a small single bunch (on a single branch, or hanging down directly from the trunk) with the clusters.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Peah
A single grape: Rabbi Judah says: It is deemed a whole cluster, But the sages say: It is deemed a defective cluster. According to Rabbi Judah a single grape growing from a vine is not considered a defective cluster. Albeck explains that this is because the Bible never uses the singular for olelet, rather it always uses olelot, defective clusters. Hence, he holds that there really is no such thing as a single grape defective cluster. The other rabbis disagree and rule that a single grape is considered a defective cluster and it belongs to the poor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
נקרצת – it is cut and severed and its example we taught in Talmud Yoma (31b): “he cut [the windpipe and the gullet] and another priest completed the slaughtering on his behalf” and in the Bible (Jeremiah 46:20): “a butcher from the north is coming.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
גרגר יחידי – such as a cluster that lacks small clusters lying one on top of the other but the single berries (not growing in clusters) are attached to the shoot/twig itself.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
רבי יהודה אומר אשכול – as it is written (Isaiah 17:6): “Only gleanings shall be left of him, as when one beats an olive tree, two or three berries…” are a small single bunch, more than this is a cluster.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Peah
וחכמים אומרים עוללת – and they are not considered berries that lie one on top of the other to be called a shoulder (grapes on an arm of a vine which branches off into twigs). And the Halakha is according to the Sages.
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