Комментарий к Келим 11:4
בַּרְזֶל טָמֵא שֶׁבְּלָלוֹ עִם בַּרְזֶל טָהוֹר, אִם רֹב מִן הַטָּמֵא, טָמֵא. וְאִם רֹב מִן הַטָּהוֹר, טָהוֹר. מֶחֱצָה לְמֶחֱצָה, טָמֵא. וְכֵן מִן הַחֲלָמָא וּמִן הַגְּלָלִים. קְלוֹסְטְרָא, טְמֵאָה. וּמְצֻפָּה, טְהוֹרָה. הַפִּין, וְהַפּוּרְנָה, טְמֵאִין. וְהַקְּלוֹסְטְרָא, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, שׁוֹמְטָהּ מִפֶּתַח זֶה וְתוֹלָהּ בַּחֲבֵרוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת. רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר, הֲרֵי הִיא לוֹ כְּכָל הַכֵּלִים, וּמִטַּלְטֶלֶת בֶּחָצֵר:
Ритуально нечистое железо, которое выплавлялось вместе с чистым железом: если большая часть была из нечистого железа, [сосуд, изготовленный из смеси] является нечистым; если большая часть была из чистого [железа], то [сосуд] чист. Если каждый был наполовину, это нечисто. Тот же закон распространяется и на смесь цемента и навоза крупного рогатого скота. Дверной болт подвержен примесям, но [один из дерева], покрытый металлом, не подвержен примесям. Муфта и крестовина [замка] подвержены загрязнению. Дверной проем: Раввин Иегошуа говорит: он может снять его с одной двери и повесить на другой в Шаббат. Раввин Тарфон говорит: он для него, как и все другие суда, и его можно носить во дворе.
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ברזל טמא – that came from shards of vessels.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
If unclean iron was smelted together with clean iron and the greater part was from the unclean iron, [the vessel made of the mixture] is unclean; If the greater part was from the clean iron, the vessel is clean. If each was half, it is unclean. The unclean iron comes from vessels that were unclean, and the clean iron comes from vessels that are clean. The status of the new vessel follows the majority of the material used. If both materials are used in equal amounts the law is strict and the new vessel must be treated as unclean.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
שבללו – that he mixed/scraped with each other and smelt them and made from both of them a vessel.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
The same law also applies to a mixture of cement and cattle dung. Cement is susceptible to impurity, whereas cattle dung is not. If one makes a vessel by mixing these two materials together, the vessel's susceptibility to impurity depends on which material composes the majority, as in the previous section.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ברזל טהור – that came from the wrought iron or from the ball of iron ore, etc.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
A door bolt is susceptible to impurity, but [one of wood] that is only plated with metal is not susceptible to impurity. The susceptibility of the type of door belt referred to here depends upon whether it is made of metal, in which case it is susceptible, or of wood which is only plated with metal, in which case it is not susceptible.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
אם רוב מן הטמא טמא – that it returns to its original impurity.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
The clutch and the crosspiece [of a lock] are susceptible to impurity. These two pieces of the door are susceptible to impurity.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
חלמא (a sort of cement used for making vessels) – plaster that cleaves like the white of an egg.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
A door-bolt: Rabbi Joshua says: he may remove it from one door and hang it on another on Shabbat. Rabbi Tarfon says: it is like all other vessels and may be carried about in a courtyard. These laws relate to the door-bolt mentioned in section three. According to Rabbi Joshua one can remove it from one door and drag it to another door on Shabbat. But he can't directly carry it, because it is not a vessel and one is not allowed to handle non-vessels on Shabbat. This opinion flows or at least accords with the opinion above, that the door bolt is not a vessel. Rabbi Tarfon says that the door-bolt is a vessel and can be carried about in the courtyard, as can vessels in general on Shabbat. Since it is a vessel, it is also susceptible to impurity. Rabbi Tarfon disagrees with the opinion in section three.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ומן הגללים – that he combined the plaster with the excrement of cattle and made from them vessels and smelt them in a furnace/kiln. If a majority are from a sort of cement used for making vessels. For utensils of excrement are not susceptible to receive defilement.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
קלוסטרא (fastening, lock/bar) – the door-bolt/pin of the door. And it is a peg that they lock the door with as was explained above, it is customary to make at its head like a kind of apple/door-bolt and it is called a גלוסטרא. But if it was made from iron, it is impure, as it returns to its original state of impurity, because it is appropriate to crush the garlic in the mortar.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
מצפה טהורה (plated wood with metal) – if it was from pure iron and covered with impure metal, it is pure, for we follow after that which is essential but not after the covering that is of impure metal.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
הפין והפורנא (pivots and the skeleton-key /clutch and cross-piece) – the fixed teeth in the lock (i.e., socket and pivot) and the pivot goes into the lock.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
שומטה מפתח זה ותולה בחבירו – through dragging alone, for it is carrying from the side. But complete carrying is not [permitted]. But Rabbi Tarfon permits even complete carrying like his guest, but perhaps the Tanna comes to teach us that here, with the impure lock that is taught in the first clause of the Mishnah, is not the opinion of all but rather the dispute between Rabbi Yehoshua and Rabbi Tarfon, for according to Rabbi Yehoshua it is pure, for in order that he does not compare it [to a vessel] with regard to the Sabbath, so here too, he does not compare it [to a vessel] with regard to defilement.
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