פירוש על מעשרות 1:2

מאימתי הפירות חייבין במעשרות – for at their beginning, they are not food and it is necessary to give a measurement for each fruit when its time arrives to be appropriate for eating.

When do fruits become liable for tithes?
Figs from the time they begin to ripe.
Grapes and wild grapes in the early stages of ripening.
Sumac and mulberries after they become red; [similarly] all red fruits, after they become red.
Pomegranates, when the insides become soft.
Dates when they begin to swell.
Peaches when [red] veins begin to show.
Walnuts when the nuts are separate from the shell.
Rabbi Judah says: walnuts and almonds, after their inner skins have been formed.
This mishnah lists various fruits of the tree and teaches when each of them becomes liable for tithes. The general principle seems to be that they are liable at the earliest point at which they are edible.
Since the words are self-explanatory I do not offer any explanation below.

שיבחינו – the beginning of their ripening is called “BOHAL”/a certain stage in the growth of the fig (intermediate between פנה / and צמל/the last stage in the growth of a fig – when its head becomes white, and an example of this is the beginning of the days of female puberty – [between childhood and full womanhood] in a woman is called “BOHAL”, and it explains in the Gemara (Talmud Niddah 47a) when their heads whiten is the beginning of their ripening.

האבשים (a species of inferior grapes) – a species from the kinds of bad grapes like (Isaiah 5:4): “Instead, it yielded wild grapes.”

משהבאישו – that they ripened so much that the pomace of kernels/shells of grapes that are inside can be seen from the outside from within the husk and a cluster that has within it one berry that reached this measurement, it is entirely joined to tithing.

והאוג (red berry of the Venus summachtree) – a tree whose fruits are red and they call them KORNEOLI in the foreign language.

והתותים (mulberries) – In Arabic it is TUT, and in the foreign language it is MORAS.

שימסו – when the eatable portion (core) can be mashed from under his hand and if even a single slice of pomegranate reached this measurement, it is liable for tithing.

משיטילו שאור – if it were to open like leaven which has in it fissures.

משיטילו גידים – when they begin to ripen, there appears in them a kind of red veins.

משיעשו מגורה – when they separate the food from the outer husk/skin, and the food would be like it is placed in store room/bin which is a storehouse.

מישיעשו קליפה – the lower husk nearest the food which is not made until the completion of the ripening of the fruit. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.