Il est interdit aux partenaires qui se sont voués de profiter l'un de l'autre de pénétrer dans la cour. R. Eliezer n. Yaakov dit: Celui-ci entre dans le sien et celui-là entre dans le sien. [Partenaires, dont chacun a une maison dans une cour, et tous deux sont associés dans la cour devant les maisons, où il y a une loi de division dans la cour, c'est-à-dire quand pour chaque maison il y a quatre coudées dans la cour devant de la maison et il reste dans la cour quatre coudées supplémentaires pour chacune—dans un tel cas, tous conviennent qu'il est interdit aux deux d'entrer dans la cour jusqu'à ce qu'ils la divisent, la loi de la division étant en vigueur. R. Eliezer et les rabbins ne diffèrent que par rapport à une cour où la loi de partage n'obtient pas, les rabbins estimant que chacun entre dans la (propriété) de son voisin, et R. Eliezer b. Yaakov soutenant qu'il y a breirah (identification rétroactive), et chacun entre le sien.] Et il est interdit aux deux d'y placer un moulin et un four ou d'y élever des poulets. [R. Eliezer b. Yaakov admet dans tous ces cas que les partenaires peuvent s'arrêter les uns les autres, ce qui n'est pas possible pour des raisons de breirah. Car, puisqu'il lui est possible de l'arrêter et qu'il ne le fait pas, il s'avère qu'il en profite.] Si l'un d'eux avait juré de bénéficier de son voisin, il ne peut pas entrer dans la cour. R. Eliezer n. Yaakov dit: Il peut lui dire: "J'entre dans ce qui est à moi, et je n'entre pas dans ce qui est à toi." Et le bevower est obligé de vendre sa part. [Car nous craignons que, puisqu'il voit son prochain entrer, il oublie et, de même, entre. Mais quand les deux sont interdits, cela n'est pas à craindre. Et ce n'est que lorsque l'on s'est juré de ne pas profiter de son prochain que l'on l'oblige à vendre sa part. Mais si son voisin lui a juré de ne pas bénéficier de lui, il est anuss («forcé»), et il n'est pas obligé de vendre, car que pourrait-il faire? Si cela était permis, chaque partenaire ferait le vœu à l'autre de ne pas profiter de lui afin de le contraindre à lui vendre sa part!]
Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim
השותפין – that each one of them a house in the courtyard, and the courtyard that is in front of the houses, both of them are partners in it But at the time when the courtyard has the law of division/partition, and as such there will be four cubits in the courtyard to each and every house in front of the house, and there will remain from the courtyard another four cubits to this one (i.e., person) and four cubits to that one (i.e., person), in this everyone admits that both of them are forbidden to enter into the courtyard until they divide it, for since the law of division/partition is there. But Rabbi Eliezer and the Rabbis do not disagree other than regarding a courtyard that does not have the law of division, as the Rabbis state that each of them enters through his fellow’s [property], but Rabbi Eliezer ben Yaakov holds that there is a retrospective designation (i.e., the legal effect resulting from an action selection or designation or disposal of things previously undefined for their purpose/ברירה) and this one goes to his and that one goes to his.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Nedarim
Introduction
In the time of the Mishnah, people’s homes opened into jointly possessed courtyards. The custom was to use the courtyard for various purposes, including cooking, grinding wheat and raising chickens. However, each resident could prevent the others from using the courtyard for such purposes.
Our mishnah discusses a situation in which either both or one of the owners of the courtyard has taken a vow not to benefit from the other. The question is, can they still use the courtyard?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim
ושניהם אסורים להעמיד שם רחים וכו' – But Rabbi Eliezer ben Yaakov admits in all of these that the partners prevent each other, for it does not belong to permit for the reason of the retrospective designation, for since it is within his hand/power to prevent him, and if he doesn’t prevent him,it is found that he provides him benefit.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Nedarim
If joint owners [of a courtyard] made a vow not to benefit from one another, they may not enter the courtyard. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob says: This one enters his own property and this one enters his own property. If both owners of the courtyard vowed not to benefit from the other, according to the first opinion neither may enter the courtyard at all. As we learned above (4:1), one who is not allowed by vow to benefit from another, may not walk on his property. Since the property is jointly owned, each one would be entering the other’s property. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob holds that since in general both people can enter the courtyard, neither is really entering someone else’s property. At each point where he stands he could claim that this part is his. Therefore, both can enter the courtyard.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim
ופופין את הנודר למכור את חלקו – for we are concerned that after he sees his fellow entering, he will forget and will also enter. But when both are prohibited [from entering] we don’t concern ourselves, and specifically when he took a vow on his own not to enjoy benefit from his fellow is when we force him to sell his portion but if his fellow made him take a vow that he will not benefit from him, he is the victim of an unavoidable accident, and we don’t force him to see for what can he possibly do? But if you stated such, each partner should make his friend take a vow that he will not benefit from him in order that we can force him to sell his portion.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Nedarim
And both are forbidden to set up a mill-stone or an oven or raise chickens. Neither may use the courtyard for any of its normal uses. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob would agree with this, since putting any of these things in the courtyard requires the neighbor’s permission, and in this case, permission cannot be granted.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Nedarim
If [only] one was forbidden by vow to benefit from the other, he may not enter the court. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob says: He can say to the other, “I am entering into my own, and I am not entering into yours.’ If only one owner is prohibited by vow from benefiting from the other, he may not enter the courtyard. Again, Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob holds that this is permitted.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Nedarim
They force the one who vowed to sell his share [of the courtyard]. In such a case, the one who vowed must sell his share of the courtyard, lest he come to use the courtyard, which even Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob prohibits. However, this is only true if he himself swore not to benefit from his neighbor. If his neighbor swore that he should not benefit from him, he is not forced to sell his share of the courtyard.
