Avot 5:12 Commentaire : Bartenura, Rambam, Tosafot Yom Tov & Ikar Tosafot Yom Tov

אַרְבַּע מִדּוֹת בַּתַּלְמִידִים. מַהֵר לִשְׁמֹעַ וּמַהֵר לְאַבֵּד, יָצָא שְׂכָרוֹ בְהֶפְסֵדוֹ. קָשֶׁה לִשְׁמֹעַ וְקָשֶׁה לְאַבֵּד, יָצָא הֶפְסֵדוֹ בִשְׂכָרוֹ. מַהֵר לִשְׁמֹעַ וְקָשֶׁה לְאַבֵּד, חָכָם. קָשֶׁה לִשְׁמֹעַ וּמַהֵר לְאַבֵּד, זֶה חֵלֶק רָע:

Il existe quatre middoth (types) de disciples: rapides à comprendre et rapides à oublier —son gain est annulé par sa perte. [Car, puisqu'il oublie ce qu'il apprend, à quoi sert sa compréhension rapide?—c'est pourquoi sa perte est plus grande que son gain.]; comprendre avec difficulté et oublier avec difficulté—sa perte est annulée par son gain, [puisque ce qu'il comprend malgré sa difficulté lui reste. Une application pratique. S'il y a deux disciples devant nous et que nous ne pouvons enseigner qu'un seul, l'oublié avec difficulté l'emporte sur le rapide à comprendre.]; rapide à comprendre et à oublier avec difficulté—un sage (disciple);. Comprendre avec difficulté et vite oublier—c'est "une mauvaise partie". [Il n'est pas possible de dire ici «chassé» ou méchant, car cela ne dépend pas du libre choix d'un homme, mais c'est quelque chose avec lequel il est né.]

Bartenura

Quick to understand and quick to forget -- his gain is canceled by his loss: As since he forgets what he learns, what benefit is there in that which he is quick to understand? It comes out that his loss is greater than his gain.

Rambam

Observe how he did not call the one that is quick [and] has a good memory a pious one, because this is an intellectual virtue. And [so] he called him a wise man. And he did not call the one who has difficulty understanding matters and forgets much, evil - as it is not in his hand (control). And these are not virtues which are possible to acquire - as we explained in the second chapter (Eight Chapters 2:2).

Tosafot Yom Tov

THIS IS A BAD PORTION. Rav: the mishna could not call these “pious” and “wicked” because these things are not up to a person to choose. Although it is possible to remember one’s learning with Heavenly assistance when one’s fear of Heaven precedes his wisdom, as I wrote on the mishna in 3:9, one who has not reached this level cannot be called “wicked”, since a natural flaw has brought him to this state.227Of having difficulty learning and easily forgetting. Although it is optimal to for one’s fear of Heaven to precedes his wisdom, not reaching this level does not make him wicked. And he is not called wicked for failing to change his abilities, for this is his natural state.

English Explanation of Pirkei Avot

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