Tahorot 10

הַנּוֹעֵל בֵּית הַבַּד מִפְּנֵי הַבַּדָּדִין וְהָיוּ לְשָׁם כֵּלִים טְמֵאִין מִדְרָס, רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, בֵּית הַבַּד טָמֵא. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, בֵּית הַבַּד טָהוֹר. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אִם טְהוֹרִין לָהֶן, בֵּית הַבַּד טָמֵא. וְאִם טְמֵאִין לָהֶן, בֵּית הַבַּד טָהוֹר. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, וְכִי מִפְּנֵי מָה טְמֵאוֹת, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ בְּקִיאִין בְּהֶסֵּט:

If one locks the olive press before the [unlearned] press workers [once he has purified them, to ensure that they remain inside and prepare the oil in purity], and in there are also vessels impure with <i>midras</i> impurity [a type of impurity due to being sat or stepped upon by certain types of impure individuals, rendering something an Origin of impurity], Rabbi Meir says: the olive press is impure. Rabbi Yehuda says: the olive press is pure. Rabbi Shimon says: if the workers consider them [the impure vessels] to be pure, the olive press is impure; and if they consider them to be impure, the olive press is pure. Rabbi Yose says: why are they [the workers, considered] impure? Because <i>amei ha'aretz</i> [unlearned individuals, uneducated about matters of purity] are not experts with regard to shifting [the position of something impure, even without touching it, which is one way impurity can be transferred].

הַבַּדָּדִין שֶׁהָיוּ נִכְנָסִין וְיוֹצְאִין, וּמַשְׁקִין טְמֵאִין בְּתוֹךְ בֵּית הַבַּד, אִם יֵשׁ בֵּין מַשְׁקִין לַזֵּיתִים כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּנַגְּבוּ אֶת רַגְלֵיהֶם בָּאָרֶץ, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ טְהוֹרִין. הַבַּדָּדִין וְהַבּוֹצְרִין שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת טֻמְאָה לִפְנֵיהֶם, נֶאֱמָנִין לוֹמַר לֹא נָגָעְנוּ. וְכֵן הַתִּינוֹקוֹת שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶם, יוֹצְאִים חוּץ לְפֶתַח בֵּית הַבַּד וּפוֹנִין לַאֲחוֹרֵי הַגָּדֵר, וְהֵן טְהוֹרִין. עַד כַּמָּה יַרְחִיקוּ וְיִהְיוּ טְהוֹרִין, עַד כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא רוֹאָן:

If olive press workers are entering and exiting, and there are impure liquids in the olive press, if between the liquids and the olives there is enough room for them to dry their feet on the ground, these are thereby pure. If something impure was found before olive press workers and olive harvesters, they are believed to say, "We did not touch [the impurity]." And similarly regarding the young children among them [who are assumed to be impure, the workers are believed to say they did not touch them]. They [the workers] can go outside through the entrance to the olive press and turn to the back of the fence [to relieve themselves], and they are pure. How far may they go and still remain pure? As far as he [the owner of the press] can still see them.

הַבַּדָּדִין וְהַבּוֹצְרִין, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִכְנִיסָן לִרְשׁוּת הַמְּעָרָה, דַּיּוֹ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, צָרִיךְ לַעֲמֹד עֲלֵיהֶן עַד שֶׁיִּטְבֹּלוּ. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אִם טְהוֹרִין לָהֶן, צָרִיךְ לַעֲמֹד עֲלֵיהֶם עַד שֶׁיִּטְבֹּלוּ. אִם טְמֵאִים לָהֶן, אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לַעֲמֹד עֲלֵיהֶם עַד שֶׁיִּטְבֹּלוּ:

Regarding olive press workers and olive harvesters, once he [the owner of the olive press] brings them into the area of the cave [containing a <i>mikvah</i> for ritual immersion], that is sufficient [for him to assume that they immersed themselves and their vessels, and are all pure], according to Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yose says: he must stand over them until they immerse. Rabbi Shimon says: if they consider them [themselves and the vessels requiring immersion] to be pure, he must stand over them until they immerse; but if they consider them impure, he does not have to stand over them until they immerse.

הַנּוֹתֵן מִן הַסַּלִּים וּמִן הַמַּשְׁטֵחַ שֶׁל אֲדָמָה, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, נוֹתֵן בְּיָדַיִם טְהוֹרוֹת. וְאִם נָתַן בְּיָדַיִם טְמֵאוֹת, טִמְּאָן. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, נוֹתֵן בְּיָדַיִם טְמֵאוֹת, וּמַפְרִישׁ תְּרוּמָתוֹ בְּטָהֳרָה. מִן הָעֲבַט וּמִן הַמַּשְׁטֵחַ שֶׁל עָלִים, הַכֹּל שָׁוִים שֶׁהוּא נוֹתֵן בְּיָדַיִם טְהוֹרוֹת. וְאִם נָתַן בְּיָדַיִם טְמֵאוֹת, טִמְּאָן:

If one takes [grapes to the vat for pressing] from a basket or from an area on the ground designated for spreading them out, Beit Shammai says: he must take them with pure hands, and if he took them with impure hands he has rendered them impure. Beit Hillel says: he may take them with impure hands, and he separates his <i>terumah</i> from them in purity. If [one takes the grapes to the vat] from the large basket [into which the grapes are harvested, before being brought to the wine press] or from a leaf-covered area designated for spreading them out, everyone is in agreement that he must take them with pure hands, and if he took them with impure hands he has rendered them impure.

הָאוֹכֵל מִן הַסַּלִּים וּמִן הַמַּשְׁטֵחַ שֶׁל אֲדָמָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמְּבֻקָּעוֹת וּמְנַטְּפוֹת לַגַּת, הֲרֵי הַגַּת טְהוֹרָה. מִן הָעֲבַט וּמִן הַמַּשְׁטֵחַ שֶׁל עָלִים וְנָפַל מִמֶּנּוּ גַרְגֵּר יְחִידִי, אִם יֶשׁ לוֹ חוֹתָם, טָהוֹר. אִם אֵין לוֹ חוֹתָם, טָמֵא. נָפְלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ עֲנָבִים וּדְרָכָן בְּמָקוֹם הַמֻּפְנֶה, כַּבֵּיצָה מְכֻוָּן, טָהוֹר. יוֹתֵר מִכַּבֵּיצָה, טָמֵא, שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּצָאת טִפָּה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה, נִטְמֵאת בְּכַבֵּיצָה:

One [with impure hands] who eats [grapes] out of baskets or from an area on the ground designated for spreading them out, even if they are split open and dripping into the wine press, the wine press remains pure. If [he was eating grapes] from the large basket or from a leaf-covered area designated for spreading them out, and a single grape fell from them [into the wine press], if it has a seal [i.e. if its stem is still attached] it [the wine press and its contents] is pure, but if it does not have a seal [i.e. if it is missing its stem, and its juice can flow out], it is impure. If grapes fell from him [who was eating them, with impure hands,] and one stepped on them in a cleared out area [of the wine press, containing no grapes or wine], if it was exactly equivalent to an egg [in volume], it [the wine press, and its contents,] is pure; if it was more than the equivalent of an egg [in volume], it is impure, since when the first drop left it was rendered impure by an amount [of liquids] equivalent to an egg [in volume, and it can therefore go on to render the vat and its contents impure].

מִי שֶׁהָיָה עוֹמֵד וּמְדַבֵּר עַל שְׂפַת הַבּוֹר וְנִתְּזָה צִנּוֹרָא מִפִּיו, סָפֵק הִגִּיעָה לַבּוֹר סָפֵק לֹא הִגִּיעָה, סְפֵקוֹ טָהוֹר:

If one was standing and speaking at the edge of a [wine] pit, and a stream of saliva flew from his mouth, and there is an uncertainty as to whether it reached the pit or not, its uncertainty is pure [i.e. its status is uncertain and therefore pure].

הַזּוֹלֵף אֶת הַבּוֹר, נִמְצָא שֶׁרֶץ בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, כֻּלָּן טְמֵאוֹת. בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה, הִיא טְמֵאָה וְכֻלָּן טְהוֹרוֹת. אֵימָתַי, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהוּא זוֹלֵף בְּכָל אַחַת וְאַחַת. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה זוֹלֵף בְּמַחַץ, נִמְצָא שֶׁרֶץ בְּאַחַת מֵהֶן, הִיא טְמֵאָה בִּלְבָד. אֵימָתַי, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהוּא בוֹדֵק וְלֹא מְכַסֶּה אוֹ מְכַסֶּה וְלֹא בוֹדֵק. הָיָה בוֹדֵק וּמְכַסֶּה, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁרֶץ, בֶּחָבִית, הַכֹּל טָמֵא. בַּבּוֹר, הַכֹּל טָמֵא. בַּמַּחַץ, הַכֹּל טָמֵא:

If one empties a pit [of wine into barrels], and a vermin was found in the first [barrel he filled], they are all impure. If [it was found] in the last one [he filled], it is impure and all the rest are pure. When is this the case? When he empties into each one individually. But if he was emptying with a ladle, if a vermin was found in one of them, that one alone is impure. When is this the case? When he inspects [each barrel, before emptying wine into it] but does not cover [each one after emptying in the wine], or he covers [each barrel] but does not inspect. If he was inspecting [each one] and then covering, and a vermin was found in one of the barrels, everything is impure; if [it was found] in the pit, everything is impure; if [it was found] in the ladle, everything is impure.

בֵּין הָעִגּוּלִים לַזַּגִּין, רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. כֶּרֶם שֶׁלִּפְנֵי הַבּוֹצְרִים, רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד. שֶׁלְּאַחַר הַבּוֹצְרִים, רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. אֵימָתַי, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהָרַבִּים נִכְנָסִים בָּזוֹ וְיוֹצְאִים בָּזוֹ. כְּלֵי בֵית הַבַּד, וְשֶׁל גַּת, וְהָעֵקֶל, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהֵן שֶׁל עֵץ, מְנַגְּבָן וְהֵן טְהוֹרִין. בִּזְמַן שֶׁהֵן שֶׁל גֶּמִי, מְיַשְּׁנָן כָּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, אוֹ חוֹלְטָן בְּחַמִּים. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, אִם נְתָנָן בְּשִׁבֹּלֶת הַנָּהָר, דַּיּוֹ:

Between the rollers [heavy stones used to press the last of the juice from the grapes after they have been trampled] and the [already trampled] grape skins is a public domain [for matters of impurity]. The [part of the] vineyard before the grape harvesters [i.e. not yet harvested] is a private domain; behind the harvesters is a public domain. When is this the case? When the public enters through one [end of the vineyard] and exits through another. The vessels of an olive-press, and of a [wine] vat, and a basket press, when they are made of wood, [if they become impure] one may dry them and they are pure; when they are made of reeds, [if they become impure] one must let them age for twelve months [without using them], or rinse them in hot water. Rabbi Yose says: if he put them in a fast moving river, it is sufficient [for ridding them of their impurity].