Oktzin 3

יֵשׁ צְרִיכִין הֶכְשֵׁר וְאֵינָן צְרִיכִים מַחֲשָׁבָה, מַחֲשָׁבָה וְהֶכְשֵׁר, מַחֲשָׁבָה וְלֹא הֶכְשֵׁר, לֹא הֶכְשֵׁר וְלֹא מַחֲשָׁבָה. כָּל הָאֳכָלִים הַמְיֻחָדִים לָאָדָם צְרִיכִין הֶכְשֵׁר וְאֵינָן צְרִיכִים מַחֲשָׁבָה:

There are those [foods] which [before they can be rendered impure] require being primed [for impurity, by becoming damp] but which do not require intentional thought [designating them for human consumption]; and [there are those which require] intentional thought and being primed; and [there are those which require] intentional thought but not being primed; and [finally, there are those which require] neither being primed, nor intentional thought [before they can be rendered impure]. All foods which are designated for human consumption require being primed, but do not require intentional thought.

הַחוֹתֵךְ מִן הָאָדָם, וּמִן הַבְּהֵמָה, וּמִן הַחַיָּה, וּמִן הָעוֹפוֹת, מִנִּבְלַת הָעוֹף הַטָּמֵא, וְהַחֵלֶב בַּכְּפָרִים, וּשְׁאָר כָּל יַרְקוֹת שָׂדֶה חוּץ מִשְּׁמַרְקָעִים וּפִטְרִיּוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, חוּץ מִכְּרֵשֵׁי שָׂדֶה וְהָרְגִילָה וְנֵץ הֶחָלָב. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, חוּץ מִן הָעַכָּבִיּוֹת. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, חוּץ מִן הַכְּלוּסִין, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ צְרִיכִין מַחֲשָׁבָה וְהֶכְשֵׁר:

[The following require both intentional thought, designating them for human consumption, and being primed for impurity by becoming damp, before they can be rendered impure:] one that severs [flesh] from a human, from a [domesticated] beast, from a [wild] animal, from fowl, from the carrion of an impure [i.e. non-kosher] bird, and [forbidden] fat in villages, and all remaining kinds of field vegetables, except for truffles and mushrooms. Rabbi Yehuda says: except for field-leeks, purslane and milk-blossom. And Rabbi Shimon says: except for wild artichoke. Rabbi Yose says: except for grape hyacinth. These [all] require both intentional thought and being primed [for impurity].

נִבְלַת בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם וְנִבְלַת הָעוֹף הַטָּהוֹר בַּכְּפָרִים, צְרִיכִין מַחֲשָׁבָה וְאֵינָן צְרִיכִין הֶכְשֵׁר. נִבְלַת בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם, וְנִבְלַת הָעוֹף הַטָּהוֹר וְהַחֵלֶב בַּשְּׁוָקִים, אֵינָן צְרִיכִין מַחֲשָׁבָה וְלֹא הֶכְשֵׁר. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אַף הַגָּמָל וְהָאַרְנֶבֶת וְהַשָּׁפָן וְהַחֲזִיר:

The carrion of an impure [i.e. non-kosher] beast in all places, and the carrion of a pure [i.e. kosher] fowl in villages, require intentional thought but do not require being primed [to be rendered impure]. The carrion of a pure beast in all places, and the carrion of pure fowl and [forbidden] fat in the marketplaces, do not require intentional thought nor being primed [for impurity]. Rabbi Shimon says: even [the carrion of] a camel, a rabbit, a hare, or a pig [also require neither intentional thought nor being primed].

הַשֶּׁבֶת, מִשֶּׁנָּתַן טַעְמוֹ בַּקְּדֵרָה, אֵין בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם תְּרוּמָה, וְאֵינוֹ מִטַּמֵּא טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִים. לוּלְבֵי זְרָדִים וְשֶׁל עֲדָל וַעֲלֵי הַלּוּף הַשּׁוֹטֶה, אֵינָן מִטַּמְּאִין טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִים עַד שֶׁיִּמְתֹּקוּ. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אַף שֶׁל פַּקּוּעוֹת כַּיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם:

The dill stalk, once it has given its flavor to a cooked dish, is no longer subject to [the requirement of separating] <i>terumah</i> [a portion of a crop given to a priest which becomes designated upon separation, and can only be consumed by priests or their household], and it cannot be rendered impure with the impurity of foods. The sprouting branches of hawthorn, and of garden-cress, and leaves of wild arum cannot be rendered impure with the impurity of foods until they are sweetened [to remove their bitterness]. Rabbi Shimon says: so too even regarding those [leaves] of the bitter-apple.

הַקֹּשְׁטְ, וְהַחֶמֶס, וְרָאשֵׁי בְשָׂמִים, הַתִּיאָה, וְהַחִלְתִּית, וְהַפִּלְפְּלִין, וְחַלּוֹת חָרִיעַ, נִלְקָחִים בְּכֶסֶף מַעֲשֵׂר וְאֵינָן מִטַּמְּאִין טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי, אִם נִלְקָחִים בְּכֶסֶף מַעֲשֵׂר, מִפְּנֵי מָה אֵינָן מִטַּמְּאִין טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין. וְאִם אֵינָן מִטַּמְּאִין טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִים, אַף הֵם לֹא יִלָּקְחוּ בְכֶסֶף מַעֲשֵׂר:

Costus and amomum [various fragrant spices], and choice spices, crowfoot, and asafoetida, or peppers, or saffron bundles may [all] be purchased with [second] tithe money [i.e. they are treated like foods, since money for the second tithe may only be used to purchase food, which must then be consumed in Jerusalem], but they cannot be rendered impure with the impurity of foods, according to Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Yochanan ben Nuri said to him, "If they may be purchased with [second] tithe money, why then can they not be rendered impure with the impurity of foods? And if they cannot be rendered impure with the impurity of foods, then they too should not be purchased with [second] tithe money!"

הַפַּגִּין וְהַבֹּסֶר, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְטַמֵּא טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי אוֹמֵר, מִשֶּׁיָּבֹאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת. פְּרִיצֵי זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי מְטַמְּאִין וּבֵית הִלֵּל מְטַהֲרִין. הַקֶּצַח, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי מְטַהֲרִין, וּבֵית הִלֵּל מְטַמְּאִין. וְכֵן לַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת:

Regarding figs or grapes which are not yet ripe, Rabbi Akiva considers them [susceptible to becoming] impure with the impurity of foods. Rabbi Yochanan ben Nuri says: [they become susceptible to being rendered impure] once they have come to the season of [requiring] tithes. Regarding hardened olives or grapes, Beit Shammai consider them [susceptible to being rendered] impure, and Beit Hillel consider them pure [i.e. insusceptible]. Regarding black cumin, Beit Shammai consider it pure, and Beit Hillel consider it impure. And so too [did they differ] with regard to [its requiring] tithes.

הַקּוֹר, הֲרֵי הוּא כְעֵץ לְכָל דָּבָר, אֶלָּא שֶׁהוּא נִלְקָח בְּכֶסֶף מַעֲשֵׂר. כַּפְנִיּוֹת, אֳכָלִין, וּפְטוּרוֹת מִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת:

A heart of a palm is treated like wood for all matters, except that it can be purchased with [second] tithe money. Date-berries [i.e. unripened dates] are considered food, but are exempt from tithes.

דָּגִים מֵאֵימָתַי מְקַבְּלִין טֻמְאָה, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, מִשֶּׁיִּצֹּדוּ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, מִשֶּׁיָּמוּתוּ. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, אִם יְכוֹלִין לִחְיוֹת. יִחוּר שֶׁל תְּאֵנָה שֶׁנִּפְשַׁח וּמְעֹרֶה בַקְּלִפָּה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מְטַהֵר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, אִם יָכוֹל לִחְיוֹת. תְּבוּאָה שֶׁנֶּעֶקְרָה וּמְעֹרָה אֲפִלּוּ בְשֹׁרֶשׁ קָטָן, טְהוֹרָה:

Beginning when do fish become susceptible to being rendered impure? Beit Shammai say: once they have been captured; and Beit Hillel say: once they have died. Rabbi Akiva says: if they could still live [they are not susceptible]. Regarding a branch of a fig tree which was broken off but is still attached by its bark, Rabbi Yehuda considers it to be pure; but the Sages say: if it could still live [and produce fruit, the figs on the branch are not susceptible to being rendered impure, as they are still connected to the earth]. Grain which was uprooted but is still attached [to the soil], even by a small root, is pure [i.e. is insusceptible to being rendered impure].

חֵלֶב בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה, אֵינוֹ מִטַּמֵּא טֻמְאַת נְבֵלוֹת, לְפִיכָךְ הוּא צָרִיךְ הֶכְשֵׁר. חֵלֶב בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה, מִטַּמֵּא טֻמְאַת נְבֵלוֹת, לְפִיכָךְ אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ הֶכְשֵׁר. דָּגִים טְמֵאִים וַחֲגָבִים טְמֵאִים, צְרִיכִין מַחֲשָׁבָה בַּכְּפָרִים:

The [forbidden] fat of a pure [i.e. kosher] beast cannot be rendered impure with the impurity of foods; therefore, it requires being primed [for impurity, by becoming damp]. The fat of an impure [i.e. non-kosher] beast can be rendered impure with the impurity of carrion; therefore it does not require being primed [for impurity]. Impure fish and impure locusts [before they can be rendered impure] require intentional thought [designating them for human consumption] in villages.

כַּוֶּרֶת דְּבוֹרִים, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, הֲרֵי הִיא כְקַרְקַע, וְכוֹתְבִין עָלֶיהָ פְּרוֹזְבּוּל, וְאֵינָהּ מְקַבֶּלֶת טֻמְאָה בִמְקוֹמָהּ, וְהָרוֹדֶה מִמֶּנָּה בְּשַׁבָּת חַיָּב חַטָּאת. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, אֵינָהּ כְּקַרְקַע, וְאֵין כּוֹתְבִים עָלֶיהָ פְּרוֹזְבּוּל, וּמְקַבֶּלֶת טֻמְאָה בִמְקוֹמָהּ, וְהָרוֹדֶה מִמֶּנָּה בְּשַׁבָּת פָּטוּר:

Regarding a beehive, Rabbi Eliezer says: it is thereby like land, and one can write a <i>Pruzbul</i> [a court-issued exemption from the Sabbatical year cancellation of a personal loan] on it [i.e. it counts as land for the purposes of the requirement that the borrower own land in order for a <i>Pruzbul</i> to be written], and it cannot be rendered impure in its place [i.e. as long as it is not moved], and one who removes [honey] from it on Shabbat is liable [to bring] a sin-offering. But the Sages say: it is not like land, and one many not write a <i>Pruzbul</i> on it, and it can be rendered impure in its place, and one who removes [honey] from it on Shabbat is exempt [from bringing a sin-offering].

חַלּוֹת דְּבַשׁ, מֵאֵימָתַי מִטַּמְּאוֹת מִשּׁוּם מַשְׁקֶה. בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, מִשֶּׁיְּחַרְחֵר. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, מִשֶּׁיְּרַסֵּק:

Beginning when do honeycombs become susceptible to being rendered impure as liquids? Beit Shammai say: once one stirs it up [by smoking the bees out, or heating it]. And Beit Hillel says: once one breaks it apart [to remove the honey].

אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, עָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהַנְחִיל לְכָל צַדִּיק וְצַדִּיק שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת וַעֲשָׂרָה עוֹלָמוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ח), לְהַנְחִיל אֹהֲבַי יֵשׁ וְאֹצְרֹתֵיהֶם אֲמַלֵּא. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא, לֹא מָצָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּלִי מַחֲזִיק בְּרָכָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא הַשָּׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כט), ה' עֹז לְעַמּוֹ יִתֵּן ה' יְבָרֵךְ אֶת עַמּוֹ בַשָּׁלוֹם:

Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: In the future, the Holy One, blessed be He, will bequeath to each and every righteous person three hundred and ten worlds, as the verse says, (Proverbs 8:21), "To bequeath substance [literally: 'yesh,' the numerical value of which is three-hundred and ten] to My loved ones, and I shall fill their treasuries." Rabbi Shimon ben Chalafta said: The Holy One, blessed be He, found no vessel that can [sufficiently] hold the blessing for Israel, save for peace, as the verse says, (Psalms 29:11) "Hashem will give strength to His nation, Hashem will bless His nation with peace."