לֹא יִבָּטֵל אָדָם מִפְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יֶשׁ לוֹ בָנִים. בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, שְׁנֵי זְכָרִים. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר, (בראשית ה) זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה בְּרָאָם. נָשָׂא אִשָּׁה, וְשָׁהָה עִמָּהּ עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים, וְלֹא יָלְדָה, אֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי לִבָּטֵל. גֵּרְשָׁהּ, מֻתֶּרֶת לִנָּשֵׂא לְאַחֵר. וְרַשַּׁאי הַשֵּׁנִי לִשְׁהוֹת עִמָּהּ עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים. וְאִם הִפִּילָה, מוֹנֶה מִשָּׁעָה שֶׁהִפִּילָה. הָאִישׁ מְצֻוֶּה עַל פְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה, אֲבָל לֹא הָאִשָּׁה. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָא אוֹמֵר, עַל שְׁנֵיהֶם הוּא אוֹמֵר (בראשית א), וַיְבָרֶךְ אֹתָם אֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶם אֱלֹהִים פְּרוּ וּרְבוּ:
One may not desist from (the mitzvah of) procreation unless he has children. Beth Shammai say: Two males, [deriving it from Moses, who separated from his wife after he had begotten two males.] And Beth Hillel say: A male and a female, it being written (Genesis 1:27): "Male and female He created them." [And Moses cannot serve as a precedent, for he acted by Divine fiat.] If one married a woman and lived with her ten years without having children, he may not desist (from the mitzvah). [As we find with Abraham. After living with Sarah for ten years and not having children, he married Hagar. The time that he lived with her outside of Eretz Yisrael is not included, for living outside the land may have contributed (to her childlessness). And all of the time that a man or a woman are sick, or incarcerated, or in any other state where cohabitation is precluded, this is not included in the ten year period.] If he divorced her, she is permitted to marry another. [For it (the childlessness) may be due not to her, but to him. And when he divorces her, he gives her (the amount of) her kethubah, if she claims that it is due to his "not shooting like an arrow." And we impose a ban upon her if she knows otherwise and makes a false claim against him.] The second is permitted to live ten years with her. And if she miscarries, he counts from the time she miscarries. The mitzvah of begetting children devolves upon the man and not upon the woman, [it being written (Genesis 1:27): "Be fruitful and multiply … and subdue it" ("vekivshuhah"). It is written defective, without the vav after the shin (implying that only one is being addressed and that the mitzvah of procreation devolves upon the man, the "subduer" of the woman.)] R. Yochanan b. B'roka said: Of both (man and woman) it is written (Ibid. 28): "And G d blessed them, and G d said to them: 'Be fruitful and multiply.'" [The halachah is not in accordance with him.]
Bereshit Rabbah
“Sarai, Abram’s wife, took Hagar the Egyptian, her maidservant” – she took her with words [of persuasion]. She said to her: ‘How fortunate you are, that you are going to cleave to this sacred body.’
“At the conclusion of ten years of Abram’s residence in the land of Canaan” – Rabbi Ami in the name of Reish Lakish: From where is it derived what we learned in a Mishna: If one married a woman and remained with her ten years but she did not bear any children, he is not permitted to refrain from procreation, but rather, he should divorce her and marry another woman?15Mishna Yevamot 6:6. It is from here: “At the conclusion of ten years of Abram’s residence in the land of Canaan.” This teaches us that residence outside of the Land is not included in the tally.16As Abraham and Sarah were married many years before their ten years of residence in the land of Canaan.
“And she gave her to Abram her husband” – [“to Abram”] and not to another;17Sarah wished to be “built up” by having her maidservant bear children for her. She could have accomplished this goal by giving her to any man, but she gave her specifically to Abraham. “as a wife” – and not as a concubine.