Wenn einer starb und eine Frau, einen Gläubiger und Erben hinterließ und ein Versprechen oder einen Kredit (der ihm schuldete) in den Händen anderer hatte, sagt R. Tarfon: Es soll den "Schwächsten" unter ihnen gegeben werden . [Einige erklären: Demjenigen, dessen Tat die letzte ist, ist er der "schwächste" von allen, der nicht in der Lage ist, Eigentum zu beschlagnahmen, das vor ihm verkauft worden war (dh vor dem Datum der Tat.) Andere erklären: dem ( Kethuba der Frau. Sie wird "am schwächsten" genannt, da es für eine Frau nicht angemessen ist, wie für einen Mann, das Eigentum eines Toten aufzusuchen und nachzufragen, wo er Land hat. Und obwohl das Eigentum der Waisenkinder nicht an den Gläubiger oder an die Kethuba der Frau gebunden ist, ist R. Tarfon hier, wo es nicht in ihrer Domäne liegt, der Ansicht, dass es der Hand des Schuldners oder der Hand des Schuldners entnommen ist Einer, der das Versprechen hat und dem Gläubiger oder der (Frau für sie) Kethuba gegeben hat.] R. Akiva sagt: "Es gibt keine Gnade im Gericht", und es wird den Erben [und der Beschlagnahme (durch die anderen) gegeben ) nützt nichts.] Für alle ist ein Eid erforderlich, für die Erben jedoch kein Eid. [Denn wenn jemand kommt, um vom Eigentum der Waisenkinder zu sammeln, kann er dies nur mit einem Eid tun. Und solange sie (die Antragsteller) nicht schwören, wissen wir nicht, ob ihnen überhaupt etwas geschuldet wird. Wenn der Vater stirbt, erben die Erben ihn (das Darlehen oder das Pfandrecht), und es liegt in ihrer Domäne.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
ינתנו לכושל שבהן – there are those who interpret it as one whose promissory note was postdated (which is not disqualified necessarily by the Sages, provided that the lender was willing to accept it – as it presents no opportunity for defrauding other creditors) which is the weakest and with legal disadvantage of them all, for he cannot seize properties for a debt that precede it, and there are those who interpret that is for the Ketubah of a wife and it is called weak, and it is not her manner to return after the property of the dead and to request where he has land like the man. And even tough movables of orphans are not mortgaged to the creditor nor to the Ketubah of a woman, here, where they are not in their domain, he leaves them, Rabbi Tarfon holds that we remove them from the hand of the borrower or from the hand of the one holding the deposit and give them to creditor and for the Ketubah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Introduction
This remainder of this chapter deals with the wife’s ability to collect her ketubah from the husband’s estate.
In general, inheritors are not liable to pay their father’s debts from movable property which they inherited. Only land is liable for these debts. Our mishnah deals with the specific case where the inheritors have not yet collected what was owed to their father.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
ינתנו ליורשים – possession does not take effect.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
A man died and left a wife, a creditor, and heirs and he also had a deposit or a loan in the possession of others: Rabbi Tarfon says: It shall be given to the one who is under the greatest disadvantage. Rabbi Akiva says: We do not show mercy in a matter of law. Rather it shall be given to the heirs, for whereas all the others must take an oath the heirs need not take any oath. The husband dies while having a deposit or a loan in the possession of others. The question is: to whom is this money repaid, to the widow, to the creditor or to the inheritors? According to Rabbi Tarfon the weakest among the parties is the one who receives the money. The Talmud offers two explanations for who is the weakest. According to one interpretation, the weakest is the one whose proof that s/he is owed a debt is weakest. According to another interpretation, the weakest refers to the woman’s ketubah, for it is not easy for a woman to chase down those who owe her the ketubah. In any case, Rabbi Tarfon agrees that although in general movable property is not used to pay off a deceased person’s debt, in this case, since the inheritors had not yet received the money, it is used. Rabbi Akiva categorically rejects Rabbi Tarfon’s application of mercy to a matter of law. Law must operate blindly, ignoring who is weak and who is strong. The law must decide in favor of the one whose claim is the strongest. According to Rabbi Akiva, in our case this is the inheritors. Their case is strongest for they inherit their father’s estate without taking an oath, whereas debtors and widows must swear that they have not already received their due before they collect.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
שכולן צריכין שבועה – for a person who comes to collect from the property of orphans, he should not collect without an oath, and all the while that they did not take an oath, we don’t known if they have anything against him; therefore, when the dead person dies, he orphans took possession of them and they are in their domain.
