Брахо́т 1:1 Связанные отрывки

מֵאֵימָתַי קוֹרִין אֶת שְׁמַע בְּעַרְבִית. מִשָּׁעָה שֶׁהַכֹּהֲנִים נִכְנָסִים לֶאֱכֹל בִּתְרוּמָתָן, עַד סוֹף הָאַשְׁמוּרָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, עַד חֲצוֹת. רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר, עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשָּׁחַר. מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבָּאוּ בָנָיו מִבֵּית הַמִּשְׁתֶּה, אָמְרוּ לוֹ, לֹא קָרִינוּ אֶת שְׁמַע. אָמַר לָהֶם, אִם לֹא עָלָה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר, חַיָּבִין אַתֶּם לִקְרוֹת. וְלֹא זוֹ בִּלְבַד, אֶלָּא כָּל מַה שֶּׁאָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים עַד חֲצוֹת, מִצְוָתָן עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשָּׁחַר. הֶקְטֵר חֲלָבִים וְאֵבָרִים, מִצְוָתָן עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשָּׁחַר. וְכָל הַנֶּאֱכָלִים לְיוֹם אֶחָד, מִצְוָתָן עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשָּׁחַר. אִם כֵּן, לָמָּה אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים עַד חֲצוֹת, כְּדֵי לְהַרְחִיק אֶת הָאָדָם מִן הָעֲבֵרָה:

С какого времени Шему можно читать по вечерам? Со времени, когда коэны вошли, чтобы поесть своих терумах [коханимы, которые стали нечистыми и которые погрузились, не могут есть терумах до тех пор, пока «не сядет их солнце»; то есть, пока не появились звезды. Причина, по которой «со времени появления звезд» не указана, заключается в том, что мы могли бы таким образом получить информацию о случайном обучении, а именно, если бы коханимы осквернились из-за нечистоты, когда их очищение влечет за собой жертву (такую ​​как зав или metzora), недостаток этого искупительного приношения не мешает им есть терума, так как написано (Левит 22: 7): «И когда солнце сядет ветерару (« и день кончился »), он может съесть святые вещи "—заходящее солнце является обязательным условием для его поедания терума, но его искупительное пожертвование не] до конца первых часов. [Первая треть ночи, ночь делится на три часа. С этого момента оно не считается временем чтения Шамы для откидывания, и оно не удовлетворяет (Второзаконие 6: 7): «… когда вы ложитесь». И до того, как звезды вспыхнут, наступит день, а не время лежать. И те, кто заранее и читает вечернюю Шему, пока еще день, полагаются на это на Р. Иегуду, который говорит (26а), что молитва Минча может читаться до середины дня, за час и четверть ночи. , И считается, что в этом отношении можно следовать за Иегудой.—что сразу по истечении времени молитвы минчах начинается время чтения вечерней Шемы.] Это слова Р. Элиэзера. И мудрецы говорят: до полуночи. Р. Гамлиэль говорит: до появления утренней звезды. [За всю ночь считается время лежа. И Галаха соответствует Р. Гамлиэлю, мудрецы тоже соглашаются с ним, говоря «до полуночи» только для того, чтобы держаться подальше от преступления. Тем не менее, ab initio, когда наступает время чтения Шемы Мишны—- то есть когда появляются звезды —запрещается перекусывать, и, само собой разумеется, спать, пока он не будет читать Шему и молиться.] Однажды случилось так, что его сыновья опоздали на пир [Сыновья Р. Гамлиэля услышали, что мудрецы сказали: «До полуночи», и вот что они сказали ему: отличаются ли мудрецы от вас, говоря: «До полуночи», конкретно, а не после? (и «один против многих, Галаха - по многим»), или мудрецы держатся за вас, но говорят «до полуночи», чтобы держать человека вдали от преступления? И он ответил: Мудрецы держатся за меня и говорят: «До полуночи», чтобы уберечься от преступления; и вы обязаны это прочитать.] И они сказали ему: мы еще не читали Шему. Он сказал им: если утренняя звезда еще не появилась, вы обязаны прочитать ее. И не только они [(это все еще Р. Гамлиэль, говорящий со своими сыновьями)] говорили они, но везде, где мудрецы говорят «до полуночи», мицва достигает до появления утренней звезды. Мицва сжигания жиров [подношений] и кусочки [ежедневного всесожжения—Это мицва предлагать кусочки всю ночь, а именно. (Левит 6: 2): «Всесожжение на дровах на жертвеннике всю ночь до утра». Достигает до появления утренней звезды. И мицва поедания всех тех приношений, которые должны быть съедены за один день [таких, как жертва благодарения, жертва за грех, жертва вины и тому подобное, которые едят день и ночь—время их есть до появления утренней звезды; и это то, что приводит их к состоянию nothar (оставленному после указанного времени и требующему сжигания)], («мицва и т. д.») достигает до появления утренней звезды. Если так, то почему мудрецы говорили: «До полуночи»? [в отношении чтения Шемы и употребления в пищу. Но они вообще не говорили «до полуночи» в отношении сжигания жиров и кусочков, упомянув это здесь только для того, чтобы сообщить нам, что мицва всего, предназначенного для ночи, достигает всей ночи.] далеко от преступления. [что он не пришел съесть их после появления утренней звезды и понести карет («отсечение»); и, аналогично, с рассказом Шемы, что он не сказал «у меня еще есть время» и пропустил назначенное время].

Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot

MISHNAH: When does one start to read the Shema in the evening1The Mishnah presupposes that everybody knows that there is an obligation to recite the verses Deut. 6:4–9 since it is written (v. 7) “You shall teach them to your children and speak about them when you sit in your house, when you go on the road, and when you are lying down and when you are getting up.” Since it says “when you are lying down” before “when you are getting up”, the obligation of the evening is discussed before that of the morning.? From the time that the priests enter to eat2The spelling of the Yerushalmi is largely phonetic, in contrast to the Babli whose Hebrew spelling is historical. Since the א was silent in Galilean speech of the time and had lost its role as glottal stop, the Mishnah in the Yerushalmi has לוֹכֵל for classical לֶאֱכוֹל in the Babylonian Mishnah. their Terumah3Terumah, the heave, is the gift to the Cohen from agricultural produce (Num. 18:12) and also the Cohen’s part of the tithes given to the Levites from produce (Num. 18:26). These gifts must be eaten in ritual purity (Num. 18:13: “every pure person in your family may eat it.”) There are several stages in the cleansing from ritual impurity. Serious impurities (defilement by a corpse, a leper, or a sufferer from gonorrhea) need special rituals. More common defilements, such as touching a dead animal or coming in contact with a more severely impure person, need immersion in the ritual bath (miqweh). This immersion removes impurity but does not yet allow a person to touch sanctified food or to enter the Temple before nightfall, as it is said (Lev. 22:6–7): “He may not eat of sanctified food unless he immersed himself in water. When the sun leaves he shall be purified and after that he may eat of the sanctified food.” [For the more severe kinds of impurity, a sacrifice is needed before the Cohen may eat sacred food in the Temple; this does not concern us here.] The Halakhah will discuss the exact meaning of “the sun leaving” and its relation to sunset and nightfall.
Today, no Cohen may eat any Terumah and the minimal amount set apart for Terumah must be burned; it is ritually unclean from the start since nowadays everybody is defiled by the impurity of dead bodies. That impurity can be removed only by sprinkling with water treated with the ashes of the Red Heifer (Num. 19). The Mishnah was edited approximately between 200 and 220 C. E. It must be assumed that the rules of the Mishnah are intended to be practical. It follows that 130 years after the destruction of the Temple there were still places in Israel where the Cohanim could purify themselves by the ashes of the Red Heifer (in Galilee which was only minimally damaged by the two wars with the Romans.)
, until the end of the first night watch4The night is divided either into three (Babylonian) or four (Roman) watches. are the words of Rebbi Eliezer5The name of R. Eliezer is attached only to the statement about the night watch. The start of the time of the evening Shema is accepted by everybody. Rebbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus was one of the foremost students of Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai, the founder of the Synhedrion of Jabneh after the destruction of the Temple. He was the most conservative of all teachers of his time and reputed to transmit old traditions most reliably.. But the Sages say until midnight. Rabban Gamliel says until the first sign of dawn6It will be seen that the difference between Rabban Gamliel and the other sages is practical rather than theoretical. They agree that “when you are lying down” means “all the time that you are lying on your bed” and not “when you are ready to go to bed”. The latter interpretation is that of R. Eliezer..
It happened that his (Rabban Gamliel’s) sons returned from a wedding feast and told him: We did not recite the Shema‘. He said to them: If dawn has not yet come then you are obligated to recite.
Not only that, but everywhere the Sages said “until midnight”, the obligation is to the start of dawn. The obligation of burning fats and limbs on the altar [and eating of the Passover sacrifice] is until the start of dawn.134This entire Mishnah, and the following one, are still the words of Rabban Gamliel. In the Venice print and the Leyden manuscript, the Passover sacrifice is not mentioned in the Mishnah preceding the chapter but it is in the Mishnah repeated before the Halakhah. The Biblical precept is to burn the remaining parts of the sacrifices on the altar “the entire night until morning” (Lev. 6:1).
In the interpretation of the Mishnah, there is a fundamental disagreement between Rashi and Maimonides. Rashi (Berakhot 2a, s. v. להרחיק) כדי writes: “Concerning burning of the fats, the Sages did not restrict it to ‘until midnight’ at all and it is mentioned here only to emphasize that everything that has to be done in the night is kasher the entire night.” Maimonides, in his commentary on the Mishnah, writes: “They said about all of these activities ‘until midnight’, even though there would be time until the first signs of dawn, as a ‘fence’ that no one should come to act under pressure and prolong his actions until after the start of dawn; that is what they said ‘In order to remove people from sin.’ ” And he formulates this in his code (Maäse haqorbanot 4:2): “In order to avoid wilful transgression, the Sages said to bring to the altar the parts that have to be burned only until midnight.”
Neither the Yerushalmi nor the Babli discuss the burning of sacrifices during the night. However, as Rebbi Ḥuna points out in the following paragraph, in his opinion the entire discussion in the Mishnah is about Rabbinic precepts, rather than Biblical commandments. This is compatible only with the point of view of Maimonides. It is a well known principle that Maimonides follows the Yerushalmi in all points in which there is no contrary opinion indicated in the Babli; he will take the silence of the Babli in this matter as an endorsement of the interpretation of the Yerushalmi.

All sacrifices that can be eaten during one full day only could be eaten until the first dawn. In that case, why did the Sages say, only until midnight? In order to remove people from sin.

Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot

HALAKHAH: When does one start to read the Shema in the evening?. We have stated7תני is the translation of Targum Yerushalmi for Hebrew הגד “to tell formally”. It is a technical term that implies a statement of Tannaïm, the teachers of the oral law who were active from Maccabean times to the death of Rebbi Yehudah the Prince, the compiler of the Mishnah. The insistence on this being taught, or formulated, repeatedly, shows that a statement introduced by תני is a formal statement, carefully formulated for oral repetition, and not just an ad hoc statement in a discussion. The vocalization תַּנִּי is the prevalent one in the Yerushalmi Targumim.: “From the time that the priests enter to eat their Terumah”. Rebbi Ḥiyya stated8Rebbi Ḥiyya is R. Ḥiyya bar Abba bar Aḥa Karsala from Kufra in Babylonia, the greatest of the students and colleagues of Rebbi (Yehuda, the editor of the Mishnah). Rebbi Ḥiyya is credited with collecting the tannaitic material that Rebbi left out of the Mishnah. The collection known as the Tosephta is probably based on his material even though in the current form it is a Babylonian rearrangement. Now the Tosephta (Berakhot I,1) is quoted in the Babli (Berakhot 2b):מאימתי מתחילין לקרוֹת קרית שמע בערבית משעה שבני אדם נכנסין לאכוֹל פתן בערבי שבתוֹת דברי רבי מאיר וחכמים אוֹמרים משעה שהכהנים זכאין לאכוֹל בתרוּמתן. “When may one start to read the Shema in the evening? From the time that people enter to eat their meals on Friday Evening, says Rebbi Meïr, but the Sages say from the moment that the Cohanim are allowed to eat their Terumah.” It seems that the Talmud does not indicate that R. Ḥiyya is reported here to quote the Tosephta but that there was a difference of opinion between Rebbi and Rebbi Ḥiyya about which opinion of those mentioned in the Tosephta should be accepted in the Mishnah as authoritative.
There is a fundamental disagreement between the two Talmudim in the interpretation of R. Meïr’s opinion. The Babli quotes a second version of R. Meïr, “from the time that the Cohanim immerse themselves in order to eat Terumah.” Since the Cohanim have to concentrate on their status of purity between immersion and eating, in order not to touch unclean matter inadvertently, it is clear that they will immerse themselves at or shortly after sunset, when it is still clearly day and no stars are visible, and start to eat at the earliest moment which can be declared to be night. Hence, the other version of R. Meïr, that people start to eat Friday nights, must also mean an early time. Since people return from work early on Fridays, being notified of the approaching Sabbath by the sounding of trumpets (Babli Šabbat35b), they will eat early. In particular in Babylonia, where synagogues were out in the fields, Friday evening services were held so that people could return to town before the unlit roads became completely dark. In Israel, on the other hand, synagogues were in towns and often the sermon was held on Friday evening. It is told in Lev. rabba 9(9) that R. Meïr was preaching Friday evenings and even women came to hear the sermon at that time. Hence, the Sabbath meal was late. In Israel, R. Meïr’s pronouncement was taken to indicate a very late time.
: “From the time that people enter their houses Friday evening to eat their meal.” We have stated: “Their opinions are almost identical.” Come and see: “From the time that the priests enter to eat their Terumah” is still daylight and the stars start to appear9As noted in the preceding comment, the Cohanim start to eat when it is no longer day, but before it is completely dark. The exact definition of “day,” “twilight,” “night” will be given later in the present section., “from the time that people enter their houses Friday evening to eat their meal” is one or two hours into the night. You want to say that the two opinions are almost identical? Rebbi Yose10This R. Yose is the late Galilean Amora R. Yose (probably, ben Zabida), not the Tanna R. Yose ben Ḥalaphta. said: Explain it by people in hamlets who usually leave the roads when there still is some daylight because they are afraid of wild beasts.