Они нарушают отрицательную заповедь: кредитор, заемщик, гарант и свидетель. Мудрецы говорят: тоже писец. Они согрешили (Левит 25:37): «Не отдавай» (там же 36): «Не отнимешь у него». (Исход 22:24): «Не будь ему кредитором» (там же). «Не навязывай ему интереса» и (Левит 19:14): «И перед слепым не ставишь камень преткновения. И ты будешь бояться твоего Б-га; Я - Лорд ". [Кредитор нарушает все. Заемщик нарушает (Второзаконие 23:20): «Вы не должны вызывать (получение) процентов»—Не заставляйте вашего брата (кредитора) проявлять интерес. И он согрешает (там же, 21): «И ты не должен вызывать интерес у твоего брата». И «Перед слепым не ставь камень преткновения». Гарант и свидетели согрешили "Ты не должен интересовать его" в одиночку.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
עוברים משום לא תתן וכו' – the lender transgresses in all of them; the borrower transgresses (Deuteronomy 23:20): “You shall not deduct interest from loans to your countrymen,” which is the language of activating others, that you should not cause that your brother will lend at interest, and he violates(Deuteronomy 23:21): “Do not deduct interest from loans to your countrymen”, and (Leviticus 19:14): “or place a stumbling block before the blind.” The guarantor and the witnesses transgress only on (Exodus 22:24):“Exact no interest from them.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
These are the one who transgress a negative commandment: the lender, the borrower, the guarantor, and the witnesses. And the Sages say, “The scribe also.” When a loan with interest is executed it is not only the lender and borrower who violate a negative commandment but everyone involved in the loan. According the Sages, even the scribe transgresses a negative commandment if he draws up a document which contains in it a usurious loan.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
They transgress the commandment, (1) “You will not give him your money upon interest” (Leviticus 25:37), and (2 “You shall not take usury from him” (Leviticus 25:36) and (3) “You shall not be to him as a creditor” (Exodus 22:24), and (4) “Nor shall you place upon him usury” (ibid.) and (5) “You shall put a stumbling block before the blind, and you will fear your God, I am the Lord” (Leviticus 19:14). The mishnah now lists the specific transgressions that a person commits when a loan with interest is executed. Since there are several verses in the Torah that forbid lending in interest the Rabbis understood that each verse added another commandment. One loan with interest can therefore cause a person to violate several commandments. In the Talmud it is explained that the lender violates all of these commandments, the borrower violates the first two and number five. The witnesses violate number four and according to the sages the scribe violates number four as well.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
Questions for Further Thought: Mishnah eleven, section one: Why does the mishnah expand the list of those who transgress when a usurious loan is committed from the lender and borrower to all parties involved? What is this meant to teach us?
