Комментарий к Бава Батра 1:1
הַשֻּׁתָּפִין שֶׁרָצוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מְחִצָּה בֶּחָצֵר, בּוֹנִין אֶת הַכֹּתֶל בָּאֶמְצַע. מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לִבְנוֹת גָּוִיל, גָּזִית, כְּפִיסִין, לְבֵנִים, בּוֹנִים, הַכֹּל כְּמִנְהַג הַמְּדִינָה. בְּגָוִיל, זֶה נוֹתֵן שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים, וְזֶה נוֹתֵן שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים. בְּגָזִית, זֶה נוֹתֵן טְפָחַיִם וּמֶחֱצָה, וְזֶה נוֹתֵן טְפָחַיִם וּמֶחֱצָה. בִּכְפִיסִין, זֶה נוֹתֵן טְפָחַיִם, וְזֶה נוֹתֵן טְפָחַיִם. בִּלְבֵנִים, זֶה נוֹתֵן טֶפַח וּמֶחֱצָה, וְזֶה נוֹתֵן טֶפַח וּמֶחֱצָה. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נָפַל הַכֹּתֶל, הַמָּקוֹם וְהָאֲבָנִים שֶׁל שְׁנֵיהֶם:
Если партнеры хотели сделать перегородку во дворе, они строят стену посередине. [«Двор» здесь тот, для которого не существует закона разделения, для каждого из партнеров не существует четырех локтей, по этой причине мы имеем «если они желают», т. Е. Только если они оба желают, чтобы они делают это, но один не может заставить другого сделать это. Ибо во дворе, где действует закон о разделе, каждый может заставить своего соседа разделить. И теперь нам сообщают, что, так как они хотели разделить, и каждый присвоил раздел, предоставленный ему по взаимному согласию, они строят стену посередине, каждый из которых обеспечивает от его секции половину пространства толщины стены.] место, где было принято строить из необработанных камней, строганных камней, планок, [половину (ширину) кирпича, полтора с половиной ширины на три кирпичных ширины] или кирпичи, они делают это—все согласно обычаю земли ["все", чтобы включить место, где было принято делать перегородку с ростками винограда и ветвями деревьев. Обычай земли соблюдается до тех пор, пока перегородка достаточно толстая, чтобы каждый не мог заглянуть в область своего соседа, поскольку «пристальный урон» называется уроном. И высота стены или перегородки может быть не менее четырех локтей.] Для (не перерезанного) необработанного камня у каждого по три полосы ширины. Для строганных камней каждый обеспечивает две с половиной ширины. [Стена из необработанных камней требует ширины руки больше, чем стена из строганных камней, чтобы обеспечить грубые выступающие каменные головки.] Для планок каждый имеет две ширины руки. Для кирпичей каждый предоставляет полторы ширины. [Стена рейки - это ширина на ширину, более толстая, чем кирпичная стена, так как рейка размещена с обеих сторон, три ширины и ширина (слева) посередине, где к ним присоединяется глина. Толщина кирпичной стены равна толщине целого кирпича, три полосы ширины, в середине не требуется глина.] Поэтому, если стена упала, пространство и камни принадлежат обоим. [Настоящим нам сообщают, что даже если камни упали во владение одного из них или если один из них вышел вперед и очистил их в свое владение—Я мог бы подумать, что «бремя доказательства лежит на том, кто потребует (оплату) от своего соседа»; поэтому нас информируют иначе.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
The first mishnah of Bava Batra deal with neighbors who share a courtyard. The mishnah is concerned with the building of a wall to separate the neighbors and with the ability of one neighbor to force the other neighbor to share the costs of building the wall.
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
1) If two partners wish to make a partition in a courtyard they build the wall in the middle.
2) In a place where the custom is to build of unshaped stones, or of hewn stones, or of half-bricks, or of whole bricks, so they should build it—everything is according to local custom.
a) [If the wall is made of] unshaped stones this one supplies [from his property] three handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] three handbreadths.
b) [If the wall is made of] hewn stones this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths.
c) [If the wall is made of] half-bricks this one supplies [from his property] two handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] two handbreadths.
d) [If the wall is made of] whole bricks this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths.
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
In the time of the mishnah most homes did not have openings to the street but rather would open onto a common courtyard. The courtyard was used for all sorts of purposes and was the common property of the owners of the houses surrounding it. Our mishnah states that if the two partners wish to build a wall separating the courtyard they should build the wall in the middle and when they do, they should build the wall with the materials customary used in their place. There are four kinds of building materials mentioned in the mishnah, and the mishnah lists each one.
Clauses 2a through 2d all state how much of a person’s property he should allocate for the thickness of the wall. This space will depend on the thickness of the building materials. Unshaped stones are (on average) 6 handbreadths wide and therefore each partner must allocate three handbreadths of his property for the building of the wall. Hewn stones are only 3 handbreadths wide and therefore each partner allocates one and a half handbreadths. A whole brick is 3 handbreadths wide, and therefore each partner allocates one and a half handbreadths. Half bricks are one and half handbreadths wide. In order to make a wall with them they would use two half-bricks, placing mortar in between the two. The total width of the wall would be four handbreadths, and therefore each partner would allocate two handbreadths.
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
• Mishnah one: If one partner wished to build with half-bricks and one partner with whole bricks, and the custom of the land was to use hewn stone, what type of wall should they build?
• What laws in modern society are similar to these types of laws? How are they different?
If two partners wish to make a partition in a courtyard they build the wall in the middle.
In a place where the custom is to build of unshaped stones, or of hewn stones, or of half-bricks, or of whole bricks, so they should build it everything is according to local custom. [If the wall is made of] unshaped stones this one supplies [from his property] three handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] three handbreadths. [If the wall is made of] hewn stones this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths. [If the wall is made of] half-bricks this one supplies [from his property] two handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] two handbreadths. [If the wall is made of] whole bricks this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths.
The first mishnah of Bava Batra deal with neighbors who share a courtyard. The mishnah is concerned with the building of a wall to separate the neighbors and with the ability of one neighbor to force the other neighbor to share the costs of building the wall.
In the time of the mishnah most homes did not have openings to the street but rather would open onto a common courtyard. The courtyard was used for all sorts of purposes and was the common property of the owners of the houses surrounding it. Our mishnah states that if the two partners wish to build a wall separating the courtyard they should build the wall in the middle and when they do, they should build the wall with the materials customary used in their place. There are four kinds of building materials mentioned in the mishnah, and the mishnah lists each one.
Clauses 2a through 2d all state how much of a person’s property he should allocate for the thickness of the wall. This space will depend on the thickness of the building materials. Unshaped stones are (on average) 6 handbreadths wide and therefore each partner must allocate three handbreadths of his property for the building of the wall. Hewn stones are only 3 handbreadths wide and therefore each partner allocates one and a half handbreadths. A whole brick is 3 handbreadths wide, and therefore each partner allocates one and a half handbreadths. Half bricks are one and half handbreadths wide. In order to make a wall with them they would use two half-bricks, placing mortar in between the two. The total width of the wall would be four handbreadths, and therefore each partner would allocate two handbreadths.