Mishnah
Mishnah

Comentário sobre Baba Kamma 2:4

אֵיזֶה הוּא תָם, וְאֵיזֶה הוּא מוּעָד. מוּעָד, כֹּל שֶׁהֵעִידוּ בוֹ שְׁלשָׁה יָמִים. וְתָם, מִשֶּׁיַּחֲזֹר בּוֹ שְׁלשָׁה יָמִים, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, מוּעָד, שֶׁהֵעִידוּ בוֹ שָׁלשׁ פְּעָמִים. וְתָם, כֹּל שֶׁיְּהוּ הַתִּינוֹקוֹת מְמַשְׁמְשִׁין בּוֹ וְאֵינוֹ נוֹגֵחַ:

O que é um tam e qual é um muad? Um muad—um (boi) que foi testemunhado contra (como tendo perfurado) três dias. E um tam? Desistindo por três dias [isto é, se ele vê bois e não os abomina, ele volta ao seu estado de tam.] Essas são as palavras de R. Yehudah. R. Meir diz: Um muad—(um boi) que foi testemunhado contra três vezes, [mesmo em um dia. A halachá não está de acordo com R. Meir, não sendo um muad até que seja testemunhada contra (como se tivesse derramado) três dias.] E um tam—qualquer (boi) que as crianças acariciam, [ou seja, com as quais puxam e brincam] sem o seu traseiro. [E nisso a halachá está de acordo com R. Meir, que um boi que é muad não volta ao seu estado de tam até que as crianças a acariciem.]

Rambam on Mishnah Bava Kamma

Which is unaccustomed and which is accustomed: 'Touching' implies touching it and pulling it and it does not gore. And the halacha is like Rav Yehuda in the explanation of the accustomed ox and the halacha is like Rav Meir in the explanation of a simple ox. And all the time that the ox is accustomed to gore it does not return to its unaccustomed status until that children can play with it and it does not damage by goring.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

משיחזור בו שלשה ימים – when he sees bulls and they are not goring, they return to the innocuous state.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Kamma

Which kind of animal is accounted harmless ( and which is an attested danger (? An attested danger is one that people have given testimony about [that it damaged] for three days. A harmless one is one that has refrained from damage for three days. This is according to Rabbi Judah.
Rabbi Meir says, An attested danger is one that people have given testimony about three times. A harmless one is one that children can touch and it will not gore.

We have several times already discussed the two types of danger: a muad which is an attested danger and a tam, which is harmless, meaning something that is not expected to cause damages. However, we have mostly discussed the different consequences of being a muad or being a tam. The owner of a muad that causes damage will pay full damages from the best of his land while the owner of a tam that damages will only pay half damages which cannot exceed the value of the damaging animal (see Mishnah 1:4). This mishnah discusses how an animal can move from the status of a tam to the status of a muad and vice versa, how an animal that is muad can revert to the status of tam.
In this mishnah we see a dispute between Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Judah, two of the most prevalent Rabbis in the Mishnah. According to Rabbi Judah in order for a tam animal to become muad people must testify against the animal on three different days. However, according to Rabbi Meir it is enough that people testify against the animal three times on one day for it to become a muad.
Similarly the Rabbis dispute how a muad would revert to being a tam. According to Rabbi Judah all it would need is three days, in which it had the opportunity to gore and yet it didn’t do so. However, according to Rabbi Meir it needs to be harmless enough for children to touch. Otherwise it remains a muad.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

שלשה פעמים – and even on one day (i.e., doing damage thrice on one day), but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi [Meir] for they are not forewarned until they testify about it for three days.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

ממשמשים בו – they pull at it and play with it and it doesn’t gore. And in this, the Halakha is according [to Rabbi Meir] that a forewarned bull does not return to its innocuous state until small children play with it [and it doesn’t gore].
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