Se alguém pagou parte de sua dívida e entregou sua fatura (de endividamento) a uma terceira pessoa [isto é, se o credor e o devedor entregaram a fatura a uma terceira pessoa em quem confiavam, seria incômodo para eles escrever um recibo] , e ele (o mutuário) disse a ele (terceira pessoa): "Se eu não tiver lhe dado (o saldo) a partir de agora até hoje e hoje, dê a ele (o credor) o recibo" —Se chegou a hora e ele não deu, R. Yossi diz: Ele deveria dar (a conta ao credor). R. Yehudah diz: Ele não deve dar. [R. Yossi sustenta que a asmachta efetua a aquisição, a saber: se alguém promete ao próximo algo com a condição de que ele faça algo por ele no futuro, e ele está confiante ("somech") em seu coração no momento em que a condição pode ser cumprida e, quando chegou a hora, não pôde ser cumprida, isso é chamado de "asmachta" e, de acordo com R. Yossi, afeta a aquisição. Quanto à halachá, asmachta não efetua aquisições, a menos que elas adquiram (autoridade) de sua mão em um beth-din distinto, e ele relegou seus direitos a esse beth-din, atribuindo suas contas e certificações e dizendo: "Se eu não venha daqui a trinta dias, que meus direitos sejam anulados. " Meus professores explicam que todo especialista em beth-din, que conhece as leis da asmachta, é considerado um beth-din "distintivo" a esse respeito; mas Rambam diz que apenas um beth-din ordenado em Eretz Yisrael se qualifica como "distinto".]
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
והשליש את שטרו – the lender and the borrower transferred the document to the hand of a third-party for it was a trouble for them to write a receipt and they relied upon the third party.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
Introduction
Mishnah five deals with laws concerning paying back debts.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
ר' יוסי אומר יתן – for he holds that Asmakhta (i.e., a promise to submit to a forfeiture of pledged property – or equivalent – without having received a sufficient consideration) is a valid legal transfer of property (see Talmud Bava Batra 168a). A person who promises t his fellow something on the condition that he will do something for him in the future, and he relies upon his intention at the time of the condition that he would be able to fulfill it. But when the time comes, he is not able to fulfill it. This is called Asmakhta. But with regard to the Jewish legal decision, Asmakhta does not acquire/gives no title, unless he acquired it from his hand in an important Jewish court. But he caused to take hold of his merits in the same Jewish court where he transferred his documents and his proofs, and he said: “if I don’t bring it from now until thirty days, my benefits will be voided. But my teachers/Rabbis explain that every Jewish court that are specialists and know the laws of Asmakhta are called an important Jewish court in this matter. But Maimonides says that there is no important Jewish court other than a Jewish court ordained in the Land of Israel.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
If a man had paid part of his debt and gave the debt document to a third party, and the debtor said to him, “If I have not paid you back by such and such a day, give him (the back the debt document” and the time came and he had not paid, Rabbi Yose says: “He should give it to him.” Rabbi Judah says: “He should not give it to him.” When a person borrows from another person the creditor keeps possession of the debt document, in order to use it later to collect his debt. If the debtor were to pay back half of the loan, the creditor would not be able to give back the debt document, lest he be unable to collect the second half of the loan. On the other hand, the debtor would not want the creditor to keep the document, lest he use it to collect the entire loan, even though half was already paid back. One solution to such a problem was to give the debt document to a third person and for the debtor to promise to pay back the remainder within a certain time or else the third party was to return it to the creditor. According to Rabbi Yose in such a case if the time elapsed the third party should give the debt document to the creditor. According to Rabbi Judah he should not. Since the debtor did not really intend to allow the creditor to collect more than his debt by using the debt document after it had been partially paid, the third party is not allowed to return it to the creditor.
