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Komentarz do Bawa meci’a 4:11

אֵין מְעָרְבִין פֵּרוֹת בְּפֵרוֹת, אֲפִלּוּ חֲדָשִׁים בַּחֲדָשִׁים, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר חֲדָשִׁים בִּישָׁנִים. בֶּאֱמֶת, בְּיַיִן הִתִּירוּ לְעָרֵב קָשֶׁה בְרַךְ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מַשְׁבִּיחוֹ. אֵין מְעָרְבִין שִׁמְרֵי יַיִן בְּיַיִן, אֲבָל נוֹתֵן לוֹ אֶת שְׁמָרָיו. מִי שֶׁנִּתְעָרֵב מַיִם בְּיֵינוֹ, לֹא יִמְכְּרֶנּוּ בַחֲנוּת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הוֹדִיעוֹ, וְלֹא לְתַגָּר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוֹדִיעוֹ, שֶׁאֵינוֹ אֶלָּא לְרַמּוֹת בּוֹ. מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לְהַטִּיל מַיִם בַּיַּיִן, יַטִּילוּ:

Produktów nie można mieszać z płodami [Jeśli ktoś mówi do swojego sąsiada: „Sprzedaję wam plony z tego pola”, nie może ich mieszać z plonami z innego pola], nawet nowego z nowym, i jest rzeczą oczywistą , nowy ze starym. [Gdyby umowa była taka, że ​​sprzedaje mu stare, nie może mieszać go z nowym, ponieważ stare jest wytrawne i łatwiejsze do przetworzenia na mąkę niż nowe.] Prawdę mówiąc, z winem pozwalali mieszać twarde (tj. Ostre) z miękkie, ponieważ [twarde] to uwydatnia [miękkie. Dlatego jeśli uzgodniono, że da mu miękkość, może ją zmieszać z twardą; ale jeśli uzgodniono, że da mu twardy, nie może mieszać go z miękkim.] Osadu wina [z jednego dzbanka] nie można mieszać z winem [z innego dzbanka]. Ale może mu dać jego osad [tj. , z samego wina.] Jeśli czyjeś wino zostało zmieszane z wodą, nie może sprzedać go w sklepie [p'rutah by p'rutah], chyba że poinformuje go [(każdego kupującego), że zostało zmieszane z wodą] i nie może go sprzedać kupcowi [wszystko naraz], nawet jeśli go o tym poinformuje, gdyż [bierze go] tylko po to, aby go oszukać [i sprzedać w sklepie]. W miejscu, w którym był zwyczaj stawiania wody do wina, mogą to zrobić. [To tylko między sezonami tłoczenia wina. Ponieważ był to zwyczaj, nie ma tu żadnej fałszywej interpretacji, wszystkie wina są tego rodzaju].

Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

אין מערבין פירות בפירות – the house owner who says to his fellow – that the produce of a certain field I am selling to you, he should not mix with them the produce of another field.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia

Produce may not be mixed together with other produce, even new produce with new produce, and needless to say new with old. In truth they permitted sharp wine to be mixed with weak wine, since this improves [the taste].
Wine lees may not be mixed with wine, but [the seller] may give [the buyer] the lees that come from the same wine.
One whose wine has been mixed with water may not sell it in a store unless he informs [the buyer] and not to a merchant even if he has informed him, since [the merchant would buy it] only to deceive with it. In a place where they are accustomed to put water in wine, they may do so.

Mishnah eleven and the beginning of mishnah twelve deal with a seller’s mixing produce that comes from different fields or wine from different winepresses. The potential problem is that the seller might mix good produce with bad produce in order to hide the bad produce and thereby make it easier to sell. The remainder of mishnah twelve deals with other competitive and deceptive business practices.
One is not allowed to mix produce that comes from one field with produce that comes from another field, lest one field makes better produce than the other field. In other words, a buyer has a right to know from which field his produce is coming. New produce, probably grain that has not fully dried out, is not as valuable as old produce. Nevertheless it is forbidden to mix the produce even if both sets of produce are new. Needless to say it is forbidden to mix new produce with the old. In modern times this is akin to selling a bushel of fruit where the good fruit is on top and the bad fruit is hidden on the bottom.
Sharp wine may be mixed with weak wine since the mixture will improve the taste of both wines.
A seller may not artificially add lees to a jug of wine, thereby seeming to increase the amount of wine he is selling. On the other hand, he may sell a jug of wine with the lees that come from that wine itself. In other words, although he may not add lees to wine, he need not remove the already existing lees before he sells it. A buyer of wine should expect to receive a normal amount of lees.
One who has diluted his wine, probably to make it more drinkable, cannot sell it in a store unless he informs the purchasers that they are buying already diluted wine. He may not sell the wine to a merchant even if he informs the merchant, lest the merchant sell the wine to others without informing them that the wine is already diluted.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

ואין צריך לומר חדשים בישנים – He agreed to sell him old [grain], he should not mix with them new [grain], for the old are dry and make more flour than the new.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

מפני שמשביחו – the hard improves the soft, therefore, if he agreed with him [to sell him] soft and mixes into it hard, but if he agreed with him [to sell him] hard, he should not mix into it the soft.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

איןי מערבין שמרי יין – from this barrel with wine from a different barrel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

אבל נותן לו את שמריו – of the wine itself.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

לא ימכרנו בחנות – a penny for a penny.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

אלא אם כן הודיע – to each one of them that water is mixed in with it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

ולא לתגר – they should not sell them together, and even though they informed him, for he doesn’t take it other than to deceive and to sell it in the store.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

מקום שנהגו להטיל מים ביין – and specifically between the vats he can put [water’ for since they practiced thus, there is no error, for all the wines are in the presumption of such.’
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