Komentarz do Bawa batra 1:1
הַשֻּׁתָּפִין שֶׁרָצוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מְחִצָּה בֶּחָצֵר, בּוֹנִין אֶת הַכֹּתֶל בָּאֶמְצַע. מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לִבְנוֹת גָּוִיל, גָּזִית, כְּפִיסִין, לְבֵנִים, בּוֹנִים, הַכֹּל כְּמִנְהַג הַמְּדִינָה. בְּגָוִיל, זֶה נוֹתֵן שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים, וְזֶה נוֹתֵן שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים. בְּגָזִית, זֶה נוֹתֵן טְפָחַיִם וּמֶחֱצָה, וְזֶה נוֹתֵן טְפָחַיִם וּמֶחֱצָה. בִּכְפִיסִין, זֶה נוֹתֵן טְפָחַיִם, וְזֶה נוֹתֵן טְפָחַיִם. בִּלְבֵנִים, זֶה נוֹתֵן טֶפַח וּמֶחֱצָה, וְזֶה נוֹתֵן טֶפַח וּמֶחֱצָה. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נָפַל הַכֹּתֶל, הַמָּקוֹם וְהָאֲבָנִים שֶׁל שְׁנֵיהֶם:
Jeśli partnerzy chcieli zrobić przegrodę na dziedzińcu, budują ścianę pośrodku. [„Dziedziniec” tutaj to taki, dla którego nie ma prawa podziału, nie ma czterech łokci dla każdego z partnerów, z tego powodu mamy „gdyby chcieli”, tj. Tylko wtedy, gdyby obaj chcieli tego czynią to, ale nie można do tego zmusić drugiego. Na dziedzińcu podlegającym prawu podziału każdy może zmusić bliźniego do podziału. A teraz dowiadujemy się, że skoro chcieli podzielić i każdy przywłaszczył sobie część przyznaną mu za obopólną zgodą, budują ścianę pośrodku, z których każdy zapewnia ze swojej sekcji połowę grubości ściany. miejsce, w którym było w zwyczaju budowanie z kamieni nieobrobionych, kamieni struganych, listew, [połowa (szerokość) cegły, półtora szerokości ręki do trzech szerokości cegły] lub cegieł, robią to—wszystko zgodnie ze zwyczajem kraju [„wszystko”, by uwzględnić miejsce, gdzie było zwyczajem zrobić przegrody z kiełkami winorośli i gałęziami drzew. Zwyczaj ziemi jest przestrzegany tak długo, jak długo przegroda jest wystarczająco gruba, aby każdy z nich nie zaglądał do domeny sąsiada, ponieważ „obrażenia związane z widzeniem” nazywa się uszkodzeniem. A wysokość muru lub przegrody nie może być mniejsza niż cztery łokcie.] Za (przegrodę) nieobrobionego kamienia na każdy przypadają trzy szerokości dłoni. W przypadku kamieni struganych każdy ma dwie i pół szerokości dłoni. [Ściana z nieobrobionych kamieni wymaga szerokości dłoni większej niż ściana struganych kamieni, aby umożliwić szorstkie, wystające kamienne łby]. W przypadku listew każda zapewnia dwie szerokości dłoni. W przypadku cegieł każdy ma szerokość półtora dłoni. [Ściana z listew jest grubsza na rękę niż ściana z cegieł, ponieważ listwa jest umieszczona po obu stronach, trzy szerokości dłoni i szerokość dłoni (jest po lewej) w środku, gdzie umieszcza się glinę, aby je połączyć. Grubość ceglanego muru to grubość całej cegły, trzy szerokości dłoni, bez gliny w środku.] Zatem jeśli ściana upadnie, przestrzeń i kamienie należą do obu. [Niniejszym powiadamiamy nas, że nawet jeśli kamienie wpadłyby w posiadanie jednego z nich lub jeden z nich wystąpił i wprowadził je do swojej domeny—Mógłbym pomyśleć, że „ciężar dowodu spoczywa na tym, który żąda zapłaty od swojego bliźniego”; dlatego też powiedziano nam inaczej.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
The first mishnah of Bava Batra deal with neighbors who share a courtyard. The mishnah is concerned with the building of a wall to separate the neighbors and with the ability of one neighbor to force the other neighbor to share the costs of building the wall.
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
1) If two partners wish to make a partition in a courtyard they build the wall in the middle.
2) In a place where the custom is to build of unshaped stones, or of hewn stones, or of half-bricks, or of whole bricks, so they should build it—everything is according to local custom.
a) [If the wall is made of] unshaped stones this one supplies [from his property] three handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] three handbreadths.
b) [If the wall is made of] hewn stones this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths.
c) [If the wall is made of] half-bricks this one supplies [from his property] two handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] two handbreadths.
d) [If the wall is made of] whole bricks this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths.
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
In the time of the mishnah most homes did not have openings to the street but rather would open onto a common courtyard. The courtyard was used for all sorts of purposes and was the common property of the owners of the houses surrounding it. Our mishnah states that if the two partners wish to build a wall separating the courtyard they should build the wall in the middle and when they do, they should build the wall with the materials customary used in their place. There are four kinds of building materials mentioned in the mishnah, and the mishnah lists each one.
Clauses 2a through 2d all state how much of a person’s property he should allocate for the thickness of the wall. This space will depend on the thickness of the building materials. Unshaped stones are (on average) 6 handbreadths wide and therefore each partner must allocate three handbreadths of his property for the building of the wall. Hewn stones are only 3 handbreadths wide and therefore each partner allocates one and a half handbreadths. A whole brick is 3 handbreadths wide, and therefore each partner allocates one and a half handbreadths. Half bricks are one and half handbreadths wide. In order to make a wall with them they would use two half-bricks, placing mortar in between the two. The total width of the wall would be four handbreadths, and therefore each partner would allocate two handbreadths.
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Batra
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Batra
• Mishnah one: If one partner wished to build with half-bricks and one partner with whole bricks, and the custom of the land was to use hewn stone, what type of wall should they build?
• What laws in modern society are similar to these types of laws? How are they different?
If two partners wish to make a partition in a courtyard they build the wall in the middle.
In a place where the custom is to build of unshaped stones, or of hewn stones, or of half-bricks, or of whole bricks, so they should build it everything is according to local custom. [If the wall is made of] unshaped stones this one supplies [from his property] three handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] three handbreadths. [If the wall is made of] hewn stones this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths. [If the wall is made of] half-bricks this one supplies [from his property] two handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] two handbreadths. [If the wall is made of] whole bricks this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths, and this one supplies [from his property] one and a half handbreadths.
The first mishnah of Bava Batra deal with neighbors who share a courtyard. The mishnah is concerned with the building of a wall to separate the neighbors and with the ability of one neighbor to force the other neighbor to share the costs of building the wall.
In the time of the mishnah most homes did not have openings to the street but rather would open onto a common courtyard. The courtyard was used for all sorts of purposes and was the common property of the owners of the houses surrounding it. Our mishnah states that if the two partners wish to build a wall separating the courtyard they should build the wall in the middle and when they do, they should build the wall with the materials customary used in their place. There are four kinds of building materials mentioned in the mishnah, and the mishnah lists each one.
Clauses 2a through 2d all state how much of a person’s property he should allocate for the thickness of the wall. This space will depend on the thickness of the building materials. Unshaped stones are (on average) 6 handbreadths wide and therefore each partner must allocate three handbreadths of his property for the building of the wall. Hewn stones are only 3 handbreadths wide and therefore each partner allocates one and a half handbreadths. A whole brick is 3 handbreadths wide, and therefore each partner allocates one and a half handbreadths. Half bricks are one and half handbreadths wide. In order to make a wall with them they would use two half-bricks, placing mortar in between the two. The total width of the wall would be four handbreadths, and therefore each partner would allocate two handbreadths.