Mishnah
Mishnah

Commento su 'Avodah Zarah 3:7

שְׁלשָׁה בָתִּים הֵן. בַּיִת שֶׁבָּנוּי מִתְּחִלָּה לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר. סִיְּדוֹ וְכִיְּרוֹ לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְחִדֵּשׁ, נוֹטֵל מַה שֶּׁחִדֵּשׁ. הִכְנִיס לְתוֹכָה עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְהוֹצִיאָהּ, הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. שָׁלשׁ אֲבָנִים הֵן. אֶבֶן שֶׁחֲצָבָהּ מִתְּחִלָּה לְבִימוֹס, הֲרֵי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה. סִיְּדָהּ וְכִיְּרָהּ לְשֵׁם עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְחִדֵּשׁ, נוֹטֵל מַה שֶּׁחִדֵּשׁ. הֶעֱמִיד עָלֶיהָ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְסִלְּקָהּ, הֲרֵי זוֹ מֻתֶּרֶת. שָׁלשׁ אֲשֵׁרוֹת הֵן. אִילָן שֶׁנְּטָעוֹ מִתְּחִלָּה לְשֵׁם עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר. גִּדְּעוֹ וּפִסְּלוֹ לְשֵׁם עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְהֶחֱלִיף, נוֹטֵל מַה שֶּׁהֶחֱלִיף. הֶעֱמִיד תַּחְתֶּיהָ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וּבִטְּלָהּ, הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. אֵיזוֹ הִיא אֲשֵׁרָה, כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ תַּחְתֶּיהָ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, כֹּל שֶׁעוֹבְדִין אוֹתָהּ. וּמַעֲשֶׂה בְצַיְדָּן בְּאִילָן שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹבְדִין אוֹתוֹ, וּמָצְאוּ תַחְתָּיו גָּל. אָמַר לָהֶן רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, בִּדְקוּ אֶת הַגַּל הַזֶּה, וּבְדָקוּהוּ וּמָצְאוּ בוֹ צוּרָה. אָמַר לָהֶן, הוֹאִיל וְלַצּוּרָה הֵן עוֹבְדִין, נַתִּיר לָהֶן אֶת הָאִילָן:

Esistono tre "case" [rispetto all'annullamento dell'idolatria]: una casa che è stata costruita ab initio per l'idolatria (anche se non era ancora venerata) è vietata (nella derivazione del beneficio); se fosse intonacato, decorato o rinnovato per idolatria, rimuove ciò che è stato originato [e il resto della casa è permesso]; se vi ha portato l'idolatria [per il momento, senza designare la casa per il culto,] e l'ha tolto, è permesso. Esistono tre "pietre" [rispetto agli annullamenti]: una pietra che è stata tagliata ab initio per servire da piedistallo (per idolatria) è vietata; se lo intonacava e lo decorava per idolatria [dopo che era stato tagliato], un ebreo poteva rimuovere ciò che il gentile aveva aggiunto [e la pietra è permessa]; se avesse posto l'idolatria su di essa [per il momento, e non avesse dedicato la pietra come piedistallo], è permesso. Ci sono tre asheiroth. Un albero che era stato piantato ab initio per idolatria è proibito; se lo avesse abbattuto e ridotto a idolatria [per adorare i germogli che ora genererebbe], e generasse nuovi germogli, prende ciò che ha generato, [cioè, ciò che è cresciuto al posto di quelli che aveva abbattuto [ e li brucia secondo il frastuono di asheirah, e ciò che rimane è permesso]; se avesse messo un idolo sotto di esso (un albero) e annullato, (l'albero) è permesso. Che cos'è un asheirah "R. Shimon dice: Ogni (albero) che è adorato. [La Gemara spiega che questo si riferisce ai" tre asheiroth "discussi sopra, vale a dire. Ci sono tre asheiroth; due casi sono concordati da tutti, e uno è un machloketh (disputa) tra R. Shimon e i rabbini. Qual è quello? Qualunque cosa abbia un idolo sotto di esso, i rabbini lo chiamano asheirah e lo proibiscono finché l'idolo è sotto di esso, e R. Shimon dice che un'asheirah è solo ciò che è adorato di per sé, ma qualunque cosa abbia un idolo al di sotto non è esso stesso un asheirah. L'halachah non è in accordo con R. Simon.] È successo a Tzaidan che hanno trovato un mucchio sotto un albero che (apparentemente ) fu adorato R. Shimon disse loro: "Esaminate questo mucchio". Lo fecero e vi trovarono un idolo— quindi disse loro: "Dato che è l'idolo che adorano, permettiamo loro l'albero".

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

שלשה בתים הם – regarding the matter of abrogation of idolatry.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

English Explanation of Mishnah Avodah Zarah

There are three types of shrines: A shrine originally built for idolatrous worship behold this is prohibited. If one plastered and tiled [an ordinary house] for idolatry and renovated it, one may remove the renovations. If he had only brought an idol into it and taken it out again, [the house] is permitted.
There are three kinds of [idolatrous] stones: A stone which a man hewed originally to serve as a pedestal [for an idol] behold this is prohibited. If one plastered and tiled [a stone] for idolatry, one may remove the plaster and tile, and it is then permitted. If he set an idol upon it and took it off, behold [the stone] is permitted.
There are three kinds of asherah: a tree which has originally been planted for idolatry behold this is prohibited. If he chopped and trimmed [a tree] for idolatry, and its sprouted afresh, he removes the new growth. If he only set [an idol] under it and took it away, behold the tree is permitted.
What is an asherah? Any [tree] beneath which there is an idol. Rabbi Shimon says: any [tree] which is worshipped. It happened at Sidon that there was a tree which was worshipped and they found a heap of stones beneath it. Rabbi Shimon said to them, “examine this heap.” They examined it and discovered an image in it. He said to them, “since it is the image that they worship, we permit the tree for you.”

This mishnah discusses houses, stones and tree which were used in idolatrous ways and divides each of them into three different types.
Sections 1-3: All three of these sections teach the same rule with regards to three different potentially idolatrous items: shrines, stones and trees. If any of these was created from the beginning to be idolatrous, it is totally prohibited from Jewish usage. If one of these things originally existed not for idolatrous purposes, and then was somehow modified to be idolatrous, the Jew needs to remove the renovations before it is permitted to use the object. In other words, the basic object is permitted and only the new parts that were created for idolatry are forbidden. If one of these objects was not changed at all, but had idols put inside it (house) or on top of it (stone) or underneath it (the tree), all that needs to be done is for the idol to be removed and the object is permitted to the Jew. In this case the object itself was never truly idolatrous, but rather it was used to facilitate idol worship. Therefore this is an easy situation to rectify and make the object permissible to Jews.
Section four: This section teaches the definition of the asherah, the idolatrous tree mentioned on several occasions in the Torah. According to the first opinion in the mishnah an asherah has idols underneath it, but it itself is not worshipped. According to Rabbi Shimon the tree itself is an idolatrous object. The mishnah now tells a story that happened in Sidon, where there was a suspicion that idolaters were worshipping a certain tree. Underneath the tree was a heap of stones. Rabbi Shimon instructed the other rabbis to examine the heap of stones and when they did they found an image. From here Rabbi Shimon concluded that the tree itself was not worshipped, but rather the image underneath the tree. Therefore the tree was permitted for Jews to use.
Questions For Further Thought:
 Does section three match Rabbi Shimon’s opinion?
 What is the relationship of the story at the end of the mishnah to Rabbi Shimon’s statement that precedes it?
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

בית – the beginning of its building is for idolatry. This is prohibited.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

סיידו וכיירו לעבודה זרה – that it was built ab initio as a human dwelling. And plastered it – who whiten it with plaster and cementing/putting tiles, engraving and doing embroidery.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

וחידש – or renewed.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

נוטל מה שחידש – and all the rest of the house is permitted.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

הכניס לתוכו ע"ז – by the hour, and he did not designate it for the usage of idolatry.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

שלש אבנים הם – for the matter of abrogation.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

אבן שחצבה מתחלה – from the mountain.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

לבימוס – to place idolatry upon it.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

סיידה וכיירה – and it was hewn and standing.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

נוטל – an Israelite,
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

מה שחידש – what was new, the adornment and the stone are permitted.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

העמיד עליה ע"ז – by the hour, and he did not designate the stone for a pedestal [for an idol].
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

וסילקה – this is permitted, and does not need abrogation.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

גדעו – for the purposes of idolatry to worship the growths that took place upon it from now.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

נוטל מה שהחליף – the branches that grew in place of those that he lopped off and he burned them according to the law of Asherah/tree devoted to idolatry, the remainder is permitted.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Avodah Zarah

איזו היא אשרה – In the Gemara (Tractate Avodah Zarah 48a) it explains that the three Asherot that are taught in the Mishnah are referred to above and this is what is taught: There are three Asherot – two of them are held by everyone and on one there is the dispute between Rabbi Shimon and the Rabbis. And what is the Asherah that Rabbi Shimon and the Rabbis? All [trees] that have under them idolatry, for the Rabbis call them a tree devoted for idolatry and prohibits them all the while that there is idolatry underneath it, and Rabbi Shimon states that it is not Asherah but rather everyone worships it, but all [trees] which have underneath them idolatry, this is not an Asherah. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Versetto precedenteCapitolo completoVersetto successivo