Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Bava Metzia 2:7

אָמַר אֶת הָאֲבֵדָה וְלֹא אָמַר סִימָנֶיהָ, לֹא יִתֶּן לוֹ. וְהָ רַמַּאי, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמַר סִימָנֶיהָ, לֹא יִתֶּן לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כב) עַד דְּרשׁ אָחִיךָ אֹתוֹ, עַד שֶׁתִּדְרשׁ אֶת אָחִיךָ אִם רַמַּאי הוּא אִם אֵינוֹ רַמָּאי. כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל, יַעֲשֶׂה וְיֹאכַל. וְדָבָר שֶׁאֵין עוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל, יִמָּכֵר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שם) וַהֲשֵׁבֹתוֹ לוֹ, רְאֵה הֵיאַךְ תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לוֹ. מַה יְּהֵא בַדָּמִים. רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר, יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן, לְפִיכָךְ אִם אָבְדוּ חַיָּב בְּאַחֲרָיוּתָן. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, לֹא יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן, לְפִיכָךְ אִם אָבְדוּ אֵינוֹ חַיָּב בְּאַחֲרָיוּתָן:

S'il a nommé l'objet perdu mais pas son simanim, il ne doit pas lui être rendu. Et s'il est (dit) un trompeur, même s'il donne son simanim, il ne doit pas lui être rendu, étant écrit (Deutéronome 22: 2): "jusqu'à ce que vous cherchiez votre frère"—jusqu'à ce que vous cherchiez votre frère pour déterminer s'il est un trompeur ou non. Tout ce que (l'animal) travaille et mange [c'est-à-dire, si l'animal perdu est un animal dont le travail vaut le prix de sa nourriture, comme un bœuf ou un âne], laissez-le travailler et manger [et laissez le chercheur ne pas le vendre. Car chacun préfère sa propre bête, avec laquelle il est familier et qu'il a entraîné à sa volonté. Et il (le chercheur) n'a pas besoin de s'en soucier éternellement, mais d'une poule et d'une grosse bête, douze mois; pour les veaux et poulains au pâturage (c'est-à-dire ceux qui ne sont pas élevés pour l'engraissement) et, de même, pour les chevreaux et les agneaux, trois mois. Pour les veaux d'engraissement, trente jours; pour les petits ganders et les coqs, trente jours; pour les gros, qui mangent beaucoup, trois jours. À partir de là, il les prend pour lui-même à leur coût estimé, ou les vend à d'autres et conserve l'argent.]; tout ce qui ne fonctionne pas et ne mange pas, qu'il soit vendu, il est écrit (Ibid.): "Alors tu le lui rendras"—Voyez comment le lui rendre. Que faire de l'argent? R. Tarfon dit: Il peut l'utiliser. Par conséquent, s'il est perdu, il doit faire la restauration. [Puisque les rabbins lui ont permis de l'utiliser, même s'il ne l'utilise pas, c'est comme s'il l'avait fait, et il doit faire la restauration. R. Akiva dit: Il ne peut pas l'utiliser. Par conséquent, s'il est perdu, il n'a pas besoin de faire la restauration. [La halakha est conforme à R. Tarfon vis-à-vis de l'argent reçu pour la vente de l'objet perdu; mais l'argent trouvé lui-même, comme lorsqu'il trouve de l'argent dans une bourse, ou trois pièces l'une sur l'autre ne peuvent pas être utilisées du tout.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

Anything which does work and eats. If the lost item is something that you can feed with the produce of its work, for example an ox or a donkey.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia

If he (the named what was lost but could not describe its distinctive marks, he should not give it back to him. And it should not be give to a [known] deceiver, even if he describes its distinctive marks, as it is said [in the verse, Deut. 22:2]: “Until your fellow claims it”, [which is to say] until you inquire about your fellow, if he is a deceiver or not.
Whatsoever works and eats, let it work and eat [while in the finder’s care]. But whatsoever does not work and eat should be sold, as it is said [in the verse, Deut. 22:2]: “And you shall return it to him”, See how you can return it to him.
What shall be with the money [from the sale]?
Rabbi Tarfon says: “He may use it, therefore if it is lost he is responsible for it.”
Rabbi Akiva says: “He may not use it, therefore if it is lost he is not responsible for it.”

Mishnah seven deals with two subjects: 1) Under what circumstances should the person return the lost object to the claimant? 2) What should the finder do with the object if no one claims it?
Section one: If the person who claims the item is not able to state its distinctive marks, the finder should not return the item to him, lest the item really belong to someone else. If the claimant has a reputation for being a deceiver, then even if he states the distinctive marks, the item shouldn’t be given to him. This is learned through a pun on a word in Deut. 22:2. The verse states that the item should remain with the finder until the person who lost it claims it. The Hebrew word for claim, doresh, can also mean to interrogate. The Mishnah then switches the order of the verse. Instead of the person who lost the item claiming it from the finder, the finder interrogates the person who lost the item, to find out whether he is known to be a deceiver.
Section two: There are two possibilities for dealing with an unclaimed item. If it is something that can be used and the worth of its use will compensate for its upkeep, then it may be used. For instance, a lost cow may be milked to pay for its food. After all, it is unfair to the finder that he should have to pay for the upkeep without receiving compensation. Such a system would indeed discourage people from protecting other people’s lost items.
If the lost item could not work to pay for its feed than it should be sold. The mishnah learns this from the verse which demands that he return the item to the person who lost it. If the item did not earn money and just decreased in value, the finder would not be doing any favors to the loser by holding on to it. For instance if one were to find an expensive cake, that had identifying marks on it. Obviously one couldn’t save the cake for a long period of time or it would eventually be worthless. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the loser for the finder to sell and then return the value.
According to Rabbi Tarfon, the money from this sale may be used by the finder, and therefore if it is lost or stolen he is responsible to restore it. Since he gets the benefit of its use, he has extra responsibility over the item. According to Rabbi Akiva, the money may not be used. Since he doesn’t get the benefit of the use of the money, he is not responsible if it is lost.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

One may use it [to do work] and feed it. Don't sell the found item, since all people are pleased with their animal which recognizes them already, and has trained it to their liking. [However] you are not obligated to take care of it forever, rather a chicken and a large animal you take care for 12 months. Calves and baby horses for pasture, meaning that they aren't grown to fatten them up, and similarly kids and sheep, you take care of them for 3 months. Calves for fattening you take care of for 30 days. Geese and roosters, small ones you take care of for 30 days and big ones (which eat a lot) you take care of for 3 days. After this time you take them for yourself and assess their value, or you sell them to others and hide the money.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

Therefore if they [the money] were lost he is responsible. Since the Rabbis permitted him to use them [the money], even though he didn't use them, he is considered as if he used them, and he is responsible. The halacha is like Rabbi Tarfon regarding the value of a lost item which was sold. However, money itself that was lost, for example he found money in a purse or three coins that were on top of another, he is not to use them at all.
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