Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Bava Kamma 2:1

כֵּיצַד הָרֶגֶל מוּעֶדֶת. לְשַׁבֵּר בְּדֶרֶךְ הִלּוּכָהּ. הַבְּהֵמָה מוּעֶדֶת לְהַלֵּךְ כְּדַרְכָּהּ וּלְשַׁבֵּר. הָיְתָה מְבַעֶטֶת, אוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ צְרוֹרוֹת מְנַתְּזִין מִתַּחַת רַגְלֶיהָ וְשִׁבְּרָה אֶת הַכֵּלִים, מְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֶזֶק. דָּרְסָה עַל הַכְּלִי וְשִׁבְּרַתּוֹ, וְנָפַל עַל כְּלִי וּשְׁבָרוֹ, עַל הָרִאשׁוֹן מְשַׁלֵּם נֶזֶק שָׁלֵם, וְעַל הָאַחֲרוֹן מְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֶזֶק. הַתַּרְנְגוֹלִים מוּעָדִין לְהַלֵּךְ כְּדַרְכָּן וּלְשַׁבֵּר. הָיָה דְלִיל קָשׁוּר בְּרַגְלָיו, אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה מְהַדֵּס וּמְשַׁבֵּר אֶת הַכֵּלִים, מְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֶזֶק:

Comment est regel un muad? [c'est-à-dire, en ce qui concerne ce qu'est regel un muad?] En ce qui concerne la rupture [des vaisseaux] en marchant. La bête est un muad à marcher comme à son habitude et à casser. [La première partie parle d'avoth— regel en soi —fouler le pied. Et la deuxième partie parle de telloth, une bête marchant comme d'habitude et brisant des choses avec son corps, à travers (enchevêtrement dans) ses cheveux, ou avec le shalif qui est dessus (voir 1: 1) en marchant.] Si il a donné un coup de pied [Ceci est un shinui (un écart par rapport à la norme), et une tellah de keren, raison pour laquelle il (le propriétaire) paie un demi nezek et pas plus], ou si des cailloux (tzroroth) jaillissaient de sous ses jambes [ (Même si ce n'est pas un shinui, mais la norme, quand même, il paie un demi-nezek et pas plus, c'est une halakha à Moïse sur le Sinaï. Et ceci, dans un domaine privé, car dans le domaine public, il est exempté , tzroroth étant un tellah de regel, et donc, exempt dans le domaine public.)], et il a cassé des navires, il paie un demi-nezek. S'il marchait sur un vaisseau et le brisait, et qu'il (des fragments de celui-ci) tombait sur un (second) vaisseau et le rompait—pour le premier, il paie un nezek complet, et pour le second, un demi-nezek. [Le premier est un nezek de regel, raison pour laquelle il paie un plein nezek, et le second, cassant par tzroroth, paie un demi-nezek.] Les poulets sont muadin à marcher comme à leur habitude et à casser. Si le dalil était attaché à sa patte [(Tout ce qui s'attache au pied d'un poulet est appelé "dalil." Certains le lisent comme "d'li" (un seau)], ou s'il s'agissait de mehadess ["dansant" (D'autres expliquent comme creusant dans la terre avec ses griffes à la manière des poulets)], et il a cassé des vases, il paie un demi-nezek. [Car "dalil" est tzroroth. Car avec ce dalil il jette tzroroth sur un récipient. Et il se cache. , aussi— comme quand il a jeté du tzroroth, qui a brisé des vaisseaux.]

Rambam on Mishnah Bava Kamma

In which manner is it that the leg is accustomed to break in its way of walking... The main idea of this whole type of damage, that it is all damage that comes from an animal while it is doing what it's accustomed to do all the time or most of the time. This is the case that is said about it that it is normal and full damages are paid. And that which is not normal, that there will be in it a thing that it did that was uncommon for it, or that it came through an intermediary of another action, and the animal, the one that did that deed, was not the primary catalyst, for this he's obligated in half damages and this is the half damage he's obligated in for pebbles that shoot out from under his feet. That he pays (is assessed for) the full amount of damage, as it's explained in the 8th perek of this tractate. And the explanation of 'a bucket'- a thing that was tied to its foot or it was jumping and digs its feet into the ground. And this the chicken does more than other birds.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

כיצד הרגל מועדת – meaning to say, in which manner does the foot become forewarned? And it answers to break something while it is walking. As such it is forewarned when it smashes utensils while it is walking.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Kamma

How is the leg [of a beast] an attested danger to break [what it tramples upon] as it walks along? A beast is an attested danger [only] in so far as it goes along in its usual way and breaks [an object]. If it kicked, or if small stones were tossed out from beneath its feet and it thus broke other vessels, one pays half damages. If it trampled upon a vessel and broke it, and this [broken vessel] fell upon another vessel and broke it, for the first one pays full damages and for the other half damages.
Fowls (chickens and are an attested danger in so far as they go along in their usual way and break [objects]. But if the fowl had its feet entangled, or if it was jumping and it thereby broke any vessel one pays half damages.
This mishnah deals with damages done by an animal through trampling. We learned in the mishnah at the end of chapter one that when an animal causes damages in a usual manner, meaning it is an attested danger (muad) for that damage, the owner is obligated to make full restitution. However, if the damages are done in an unusual manner, for which the animal is an unattested danger (tam), the owner is only obligated to make half restitution. This mishnah continues to deal with these concepts with regards to damages done by trampling.
The first section of the mishnah deals with damages done by a beast, meaning a domesticated animal, cow, sheep or goat, by trampling on another object. If the damage is done in an anticipated, usual manner, the owner is obligated for full damages. She should have watched over her animal, and since she did not, she is obligated to make full restitution. Section 1c brings up a strange circumstance whereby with one action the animal damages two vessels. For the first vessel the owner is obligated for full restitution and for the second vessel only half restitution.
The second section of the mishnah basically states that the same is generally true for damages done by fowl. They too are attested dangers to damage while walking in their usual manner. Section 2a brings up special circumstances in which the fowl damaged in an unusual way, and therefore the owner is only obligated for half restitution.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

הבהמה מועדת – the first part [of the Mishnah] teaches chief actionable damages of the “foot” that she treaded on with her feet, and the concluding part [of the Mishnah] teaches derivates that the animal is forewarned to walk in her manner and to bread with her body and with her hair and the sliding pouch that is upon her while she is walking.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

או שהיו צרורות מנתזין – even though it is not a change, but rather, the way things happen, nevertheless, half-damages and not more, for this is the normative Halakha for this and we are speaking about the domain of the person who suffered the damages, but in the public domain, he is exempt [from damages] for pebbles are a derivative of the “foot” to make them exempt in the public domain.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

ונפל על כלי אחר – these are the first damages of the “foot” and she (i.e., its owner) pays full damages and the latter are through broken pebbles, therefore, half-damage.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

דליל קשור ברגלו – everything that is attacked onto the foot of the chicken is called is דליל/anything irregularly wound/entangled, and there are those who have the reading דלי/bucket.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

מהדס – (scratch) to dance, and there are those who interpret it as digging with its feet in the earth in the manner of chickens.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Kamma

משלם חצי נזק – that is entangled/irregularly wound that is pebbles are judged as pebbles on the utensils, and incisions/scratches also, such as that pebbles that were tossed and they broke the utensils.
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