Comentario sobre Moed Katán 3:3
וְאֵלּוּ כּוֹתְבִין בַּמּוֹעֵד, קִדּוּשֵׁי נָשִׁים, גִּטִּין וְשׁוֹבָרִין, דְּיָתֵיקֵי, מַתָּנָה וּפְרוֹזְבּוּלִין, אִגְּרוֹת שׁוּם וְאִגְּרוֹת מָזוֹן, שִׁטְרֵי חֲלִיצָה וּמֵאוּנִים, וְשִׁטְרֵי בֵרוּרִין, וּגְזֵרוֹת בֵּית דִּין, וְאִגְּרוֹת שֶׁל רָשׁוּת:
Y esto puede estar escrito en Chol Hamoed: Los esponsales de las mujeres [Él escribe en papel o en un fragmento: "Estás comprometida conmigo", y ella está comprometida a pesar de que no vale un p'rutah. Esto puede hacerse en Chol Hamoed para que otro no venga primero y la despose, de modo que ella sea "davar ha'aved" ("algo que podría perderse")], escritos de divorcio (gittin) [como cuando desea irse con una caravana, y si no escribe un recibo ahora, ella seguirá siendo una agunah (soltera)], recibos [Porque si el deudor se niega a pagar sin un recibo, se le presta atención y puede irse (sin pagar), para que el acreedor podría perder su dinero.], diatiki [el regalo de alguien que está muriendo. "diatiki", acrónimo de "da tehei lemeikam velihyoth" ("Esto significará confirmación"). Las palabras de un hombre moribundo (shechiv mera) están escritas y relegadas.], un regalo [de un hombre sano. Si no está escrito, el beneficiario podría perder, porque el donante podría retractarse.], Prozbolin, [que shevi'ith (el año sabático) no cancela el préstamo y él (el acreedor) pierde su dinero. "prozbol", acrónimo de "proz buli uproz buti", "una enmienda para los ricos y una enmienda para los pobres". Para los ricos—que no transgredan (Deuteronomio 15: 9): "Presta atención a ti mismo para que no haya en tu corazón algo de maldad, etc." para los pobres—que encuentran qué pedir prestado. ("buli" = rico; "buti" = pobre). Hillel instituyó el prozbol, una orden judicial en la que el acreedor declara: "Yo relego a usted, tal y cual, los jueces, (todo el dinero me lo debe) para que pueda cobrar cualquier orden pendiente con tal y tal, cuando lo desee"—por lo que Shevi'ith ya no lo libera, se considera que beth-din cobra su deuda para que ya no se venga abajo (Ibid. 2): "No lo exigirá a su vecino"], escritos de evaluación, [beth-din evaluando la propiedad del deudor y dándole (el mandamiento) al acreedor], escritos de sustento, [beth-din vendiendo tierras para el sustento de la esposa y las hijas, esto se registra como un acto de beth- estruendo. O, (un escrito indicando) que uno se ha encargado de alimentar a la hija de su esposa (por un matrimonio anterior)], rechazos [Un menor que fue prometido por su madre y sus hermanos puede "rechazar" a su esposo, diciendo: "Yo no quiero a este hombre como esposo ", con lo cual ella lo deja sin divorciarse. La orden judicial que atestigua esto se llama "orden de rechazo" (miun)], escritos de selección [de jueces; cada uno de ellos seleccionando un juez para sí mismo y escribiendo que no disputarán la decisión de los jueces], decretos [es decir, fallos] de Bet-din y escritos de rashuth [edictos de las autoridades, como en "Ve'al tithvada larashuth "(" No te impongas a los poderes gobernantes ")," Hevu zehirim barashuth "(" Ten cuidado con los poderes gobernantes "). Algunos lo entienden como (" cartas de reshuth "), cartas de saludo escritas por un hombre a su amigo.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan
English Explanation of Mishnah Moed Katan
Betrothal of women [documents], divorce documents and receipts, wills of a dying person, bequests and prosbols; evaluation certificates and orders for support, documents of halitzah and of repudiation [of marriage] and arbitration records; decrees of the court and correspondence.
Writing was not nearly as common of a skill in the time of the mishnah as it is now. Indeed, most people could probably not write, and if they could, they could write only simple things. Since writing was not common it was considered a professional skill. Hence it was generally forbidden on the festival. Our mishnah lists exceptions. These were allowed because they were of immediate necessity. I will explain each type of document.
Betrothal of women [documents]: This refers to all sorts of documents connected to marriage, either arranging the betrothal and its economic elements (tannaim) or a document used to effect betrothal itself. In such a document the man would write, “Behold you (or your daughter) are betrothed to me.” Note that kiddushin (betrothal) can take place during the festival, but marriage may not. Therefore, ketubot, marriage documents, are not included in this list.
Divorce documents: Gittin. This is the document that a husband writes to his wife. Divorce is permitted on the festival.
And receipts: The creditor writes to the lender stating that he has received the money. This may also refer to a case of divorce, where a woman writes a receipt to her husband upon receiving the marriage settlement (her ketubah money).
The will of a dying person: Wills, which must be written and executed while the person is alive, are obviously not something that can be put off, especially when they are written by a dying person, the case to which our mishnah refers.
Bequests: A document transferring a present from one person to another.
Prozbuls: These documents allow a person’s loans to carry through the Sabbatical year. If they are not written, then the loan is annulled in the sabbatical year.
Evaluation certificates: Documents which evaluate a debtor’s possessions so that the appropriate amount may be collected by the creditor.
And orders for support: These documents allow a widow to sell her dead husband’s property in order to provide for herself.
Documents of halitzah: Halitzah is the refusal of levirate marriage. A woman might need this document to prove that she had been released and was free to marry another man.
And of repudiation [of marriage]: A minor girl whose father has died may be married off by her mother or brother. When she reaches majority age she may repudiate the marriage and have it annulled. She would need this document to prove that she had repudiated the marriage and was allowed to marry another man without having been divorced.
And arbitration records: Certain court cases would begin by the litigants choosing judges. These records would prove which judges had been chosen.
Decrees of the court: Documents recording their decision.
And correspondence: According to the Yerushalmi’s interpretation of this clause, it refers to simple letters of correspondence. In those days sending mail would have been quite difficult. It was not always easy to find someone going to the place where one wanted to send a letter. If such a person was found on the festival one was allowed to write a letter because the opportunity would be lost later. A different (and later interpretation) is that this clause refers to letters written to the government. Only such letters are permitted on the festival because they are of a greater need than simple letters of friendship.