Mishná
Mishná

Comentario sobre Baba Metziá 3:7

הַמַּפְקִיד פֵּרוֹת אֵצֶל חֲבֵרוֹ, הֲרֵי זֶה יוֹצִיא לוֹ חֶסְרוֹנוֹת. לְחִטִּין וּלְאֹרֶז, תִּשְׁעָה חֲצָאֵי קַבִּין לְכוֹר, לִשְׂעֹרִין וּלְדֹחַן, תִּשְׁעָה קַבִּין לְכוֹר, לְכֻסְמִין וּלְזֶרַע פִּשְׁתָּן, שָׁלשׁ סְאִין לְכוֹר. הַכֹּל לְפִי הַמִּדָּה, הַכֹּל לְפִי הַזְּמָן. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי, וְכִי מָה אִכְפַּת לָהֶן לָעַכְבָּרִין, וַהֲלֹא אוֹכְלוֹת בֵּין מֵהַרְבֵּה וּבֵין מִקִּמְעָא. אֶלָּא אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא לוֹ חֶסְרוֹנוֹת אֶלָּא לְכוֹר אֶחָד בִּלְבָד. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִם הָיְתָה מִדָּה מְרֻבָּה, אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא לוֹ חֶסְרוֹנוֹת, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמּוֹתִירוֹת:

Si uno deposita frutas con su vecino [y este último las mezcla con sus frutas y come de ellas sin saber cuánto, cuando viene a devolverlas,] deduce por la pérdida [normal]: para trigo y arroz, nueve mitad -kavin a un kor. [El kor es treinta sa'ah; el sa'ah es seis kavin.] Para cebada y mijo, nueve kavin por kor. Para la espelta y las semillas de lino, tres sa'ah por kor, todo según la cantidad [es decir, lo mismo para cada kor], todo según el tiempo [que los dejó con él. Por cada año deduce esa cantidad.] R. Yochanan b. Nuri dijo: ¿Qué diferencia hace para los ratones? ¿No comen [la misma cantidad] en gran medida que en una pequeña? [Por lo tanto,] deduce la pérdida solo por un kor, [es decir, nueve medio kavin por año, ya sea por un kor o por diez.] R. Yehudah dice: Si fuera una gran cantidad [es decir, si depositara con él una gran cantidad, diez korim y más], no deduce la pérdida, ya que hay un excedente. [Porque en el momento de la trilla, cuando se deposita el grano, está seco; y en la temporada de lluvias, cuando regresa, está hinchado, de modo que no se pierde demasiado debido a los ratones, los ratones no comen tanto de diez korim. Por lo tanto, la hinchazón compensa el consumo de los ratones. La halajá no está de acuerdo con R. Yehudah ni con R. Yochanan b. Nuri Todas estas medidas se obtienen en Eretz Israel y en los días de los tannaim. Pero en otras tierras y en estos tiempos, todo está de acuerdo con la pérdida normal de semillas en esas tierras y tiempos.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

המפקיד פירות אצל חבירו – and that which was deposited was combined with his produce and he was doubtful from them and did not know the measure of what he had consumed. And when he comes to restore them, he should take out the loss, deducting what they normally deduct [due to the produce 3consumed by mice].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia

When a man leaves produce for his fellow, [and his fellow returns it to the owner] he may exact reductions [due to natural depletion of the produce]. For wheat and rice, nine half kabs to the kor. For barley and durra nine kabs to the kor. For spelt and linseed three seahs to the kor.
All is in proportion to the quantity and according to the time [it is left]. Rabbi Yochanan ben Nuri said: “But what do the mice care about [the quantity]? Won’t they eat [the same amount] whether there is a lot or a little? Rather, he may exact a reduction from only one kor.
Rabbi Judah says: “If the quantity was great he may not exact any reduction, since the produce increases in bulk.”

Mishnayoth seven and eight deal with the reductions in the quantity of certain deposited products (produce, wine, olive oil etc.) that a guardian is permitted to make when he returns the products to their owner.
In our mishnah Reuven left his produce with Shimon and is now coming back to reclaim it. Shimon need not return exactly that amount that Reuven left but is legally permitted to reduce some of the quantity, on the assumption that mice would have eaten some of the produce. The mishnah then proceeds to list how much can be reduced for different types of produce.
According to the anonymous opinion in section two the amounts listed in section one can be reduced for each kor (a measure of volume) for each year that the produce was left with Reuven. Rabbi Yochanan ben Nuri raises a difficulty on this opinion. He points out that the mice will eat the same amount whether there is a lot or a little. In other words if there are 10 kor or 1 kor the mice will still eat only nine half kabs of wheat or rice. Therefore, according to Rabbi Yochanan ben Nuri no matter how many kabs of produce there are, Shimon may only reduce from one of them.
Rabbi Judah states that if the amount of produce was large than Shimon may not reduce at all. According to Rabbi Judah, large amounts are measured in heaping imprecise measurements. Therefore the extra that was heaped on top of a strict measurement is enough to compensate for the loss to the mice.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

תשעה חצאי קבין לכור – A Kor = 30 Seah and Seah = 6 Kabim.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

הכל לפי הזמן – As such for each and every Kor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

הכל לפי הזמן – for each and every year he should duct for him such-an-amount
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

מה איכפת להו לעכברים – Such-[an-amount] they eat from a small portion just like from a large portion. Therefore, nine and one-half Kabim per year whether from a Kor or from ten Korim.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

אם היתה מדה מרובה – that he deposited with him a lot, from ten korim and upwards, he should take out the losses.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia

מפני שהן מותירות – for during the days of the granary when they deposit the wheat which is dry, and in the rainy days, when they return it, it blows up. And regarding the consumption by mice, the loss is not so great for each Kor, the mice do not eat all that much from the ten Korim. Therefore, their blowing-up [in the rainy season], restores what the mice consume. And the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda nor according to Rabbi Yohanan ben Nuri. And all of these measures are [what applies] in the Land of Israel and during the days of the Tannaim, but in other lands at these times, all is dependent upon what the seeds normally lose in that particular country and time.
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